Enrons Scandal Of Corporate America - 1713 Words

Enron had been the darling of corporate America: it was voted its most innovative company, adviser to US Government, a Fortune 500 top ten player, backed by the world’s biggest banks and rated by the top market analysts (Tonge, Greer, Lawton, 2003). While it is shocking to hear about ethical scandals from big corporations, this paper discusses the major reasons and lessons learnt from Enron’s scandal. Enron’s scandal wasn’t caused by few â€Å"bad apples† but the organization’s culture, as set by Enron’s leadership, was the main driving force toward unethical behavior (Kulik, O Fallon Salimath, 2008). However, it didn’t take one party to destroy this great structure; many parties were responsible for it starting with its leadership, then its auditors, and the entire US financial system that consequently learnt the lesson and have made major changes that seem to be effective nevertheless continuous follow up and close monitorin g is still necessary to avoid having another Enron in the future. Factual Background Formed in 1985 from a merger of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth, Enron Corp. was the first nationwide natural gas pipeline network. Over time, the firm’s business focus shifted from the regulated transportation of natural gas to unregulated energy trading markets (Jickling, 2002) which was perceived to be innovative outstanding business strategy that increased profits by about 90 billion over 10 years (Jickling, 2002). Enron leaders were crazy about generatingShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility Of The Enron Corporation1124 Words   |  5 Pages We will look at the Enron Corporation and discuss its application of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or in actuality its irresponsible behavior as related to social responsibility. We will revisit what CSR is and discuss Enron’s philosophy regarding its use and function within the corporation. We will discuss the consequences of Enron’s irresponsible behavior and the far reaching effects it had on society. Corporate Social Responsibility are actions taken by a corporation that have positiveRead MoreCorporate Fraud Has Taken The World By Storm For Over The Past Decade1479 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Fraud Introduction Overview Corporate fraud has taken the world by storm for over the past decade. The biggest fraud cases to ever occur happened in 2001 and 2002 and since then fraud seems to be more and more common around the world. According to Forbes.com (n.d) the biggest fraud cases to ever occur was Enron, Bernard Madoff, Lehman Brothers, and Cendant, with Enron being the largest accounting scandal to ever take place. Prior to Enron’s fraud scandal coming to light in 2001, theyRead MoreEnron : The Conspiracy Of Fools Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pages Enron was followed by other accounting scandals such as WorldCom, Tyco, Freddie Mac, and HealthSouth, yet Enron will always be remembered as one of the worst corporate accounting scandals of all time. Enron’s collapse was brought upon by the greed of its corporate hierarchy and how it preyed upon its faithful stockholders and employees who invested so much of their time and money into the company. Enron seemed to portray that the goal of corporate America was to drive up stock prices and get toRead MoreEssay on Enron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse784 Words   |  4 Pages I worked for Hallmark Cards when the Enron scandal broke and Arthur Anderson had a consulting team working with Hallmark. Shortly after, Hallmark cut their ties with that accounting firm even though the Arthur Anderson team was doing a great job in Kansas City. From a personal standpoint, the lesson to learn is that one must act ethically and report any discovered unethical behavior. From a society standpoint, it is clear that corporate America cannot be trusted to â€Å"police† itself. Even todayRead MoreEnron Scandal Reaction1483 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment The documentary film, Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room It is a story about the greed in corporate America  that is always exposed after the fact. The  film examines the 2001 collapse of Enron.  At the time of the collapse, Enron  was the largest bankruptcy in history. The Enron story is one of money  and politics, which are two areas that embody the culture of big business in America. The film does a great job  of illustrating the laissez-faire culture that allowed Enron to rise to  prominenceRead MoreCase: 9 Enron928 Words   |  4 PagesCase 9: Enron; Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse Bruce Smith Minnesota School of Business BS430 Business Ethics MR. Morris November 25, 2012 1. 2. 1. How did the corporate culture of Enron contribute to its bankruptcy? Effective leaders are good at getting followers to their common goals or objectives in the most effective and efficient way; unfortunately for Enron, in the end Ken Lay and Jeffery skilling were too focused on profits that nothing else mattered. In theRead MoreManagement Organization1074 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees to work at his or her fullest potential. This paper will discuss Enron, and the business failure that occurred. At one time, Enron was one of the largest energy providers in America, based out of Houston, Texas. This paper will explain how specific organizational behavior theories could have predicted Enron’s failure. Also provide a comparison and contrast how leadership management and organizational structures contributed to the failure. Enron History Enron was founded in 1985 by KennethRead MoreLessons Learned from Enrons Failure957 Words   |  4 PagesThe well-established company Enron, which was once ranked by Fortune as â€Å"the most innovative company in America† faced bankruptcy and thus the downfall of Enron. One of the causes of Enron’s failure is that there is a weak corporate governance of board of directors. Their lack of social responsibility from the 4 main criteria identified by Archie Carroll, which is economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities. They only want to make profits without taxes and move up, leaving all theRead MoreEnron And The Enron Scandal1387 Words   |  6 Pagespeople about the Enron scandal today, most of them have not even heard of it. The fact of the matter is, it is very relevant to young professionals today. Enron is the most recent story of classic Wall Street greed and fraud. However it is still argued today by different stakeholders who are is responsible. This essay will take the viewpoint from multiple stakeholders to use the Enron Scandal as an example to further explain American corporate corruption. To analyze this scandal, we first need to knowRead MoreFailure Of Responsible Management : Enron Corporation1645 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement In the end of 2001, Enron scandal has been disclosure, Enron stock prices slumped, and its financial tricks was exposed. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began survey of company s records. Enron’s auditor ‘Arthur Andersen ‘destroys relevant documents. (Ailon, G. 2011) Enron was bankruptcy in December 2001, and became the largest bankruptcy case in American history. It was a long-term influence on media and stock market that ‘shocked America’ (JE. Stiglitz, 2003). There are many

Agent Based Models ( Abm ) - 2005 Words

Agents Based Models (ABM) - Introduction to ABM A model is a representation of a real system and thus, it is an abstraction of the reality 4. â€Å"The word â€Å"modeling† comes from the Latin word modellus which describes a typical human way of coping with the reality† (Schichl, n.d.). Models can take various forms such as mathematical equation, drawing, computer code, etc. However, there is a common purpose of all designed models, which is to simplify the complexity presented in the real system or problem. Therefore, models usually contain only the main aspects of the real system (not all details). Macal and North (2006) believe that ‘‘There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of the term ‘agent’, although definitions tend to agree on more points than they disagree’’. It seems very complicated to extract agent characteristics from the literature in a consistent and constant perspective, because they are utilised in different ways (Bonabeau 2002). Agent-based modelling (ABM) is able to simulate the individual activities by measuring their behaviour and results over time for developing models of cities (Crooks 2006). Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) is a new approach to modeling systems comprised of autonomous, interacting agents. Agent-based modeling is a new analytical method for the social sciences, but one that is quickly becoming popular. ABMS promises to have far-reaching effects on the way that businesses use computers to support decision-making andShow MoreRelatedAgent Based Models ( Abm )2001 Words   |  9 PagesAgents Based Models (ABM) A model is a representation of a real system and thus, it is an abstraction of the reality 4. â€Å"The word â€Å"modeling† comes from the Latin word modellus which describes a typical human way of coping with the reality† (Schichl, n.d.). Models can take various forms such as mathematical equation, drawing, computer code, etc. However, there is a common purpose of all designed models, which is to simplify the complexity presented in the real system or problem. Therefore, modelsRead MoreAn Agent Based Model ( Abm )4799 Words   |  20 PagesAn agent-based model (ABM) is used here to examine what effect village attitudes toward forest conservation have on the future landscape and extent of forest cover in Bachauli, Nepal if improved forest conservation-related policies are implemented, population growth rate fluctuates, and villages are able to mimic one another’s attitudes toward forest conservation-related behaviors and land use/land cover change (LULCC) decis ions. The model integrates land cover data and household attitudes towardRead MoreAgent Based Modeling And Simulation1980 Words   |  8 PagesAGENT-BASED MODELING AND SIMULATION: DESKTOP ABMS Charles M. Macal Michael J. North *NetLogo is a free ABMS environment (Wilensky 1999) developed at Northwestern University’s Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling (http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/). The NetLogo language uses a modified version of the Logo programming language (Harvey 1997). NetLogo is designed to provide a basic computational laboratory for teaching complex adaptive systems concepts. NetLogo was originallyRead MoreCombating Threat From Social Engineering1137 Words   |  5 Pagesnever taught . Agent Based Research Some of the most interesting and newest research into social engineering was first proposed by Stephanie White in 2003 and involves an agent based system. This idea of fitting people, or agents, into models is an idea, which is catching on. This idea ties a process or a role to each individual agent or team to produce what Ms. White calls an â€Å"artifact† or simply a result . Argonne National Laboratory recently won a large grant to build an Agent Based Modeling andRead MoreWhat Is The Potential Damages Of Future Climate Change Impact Of Flooding Risk1037 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluated potential damages of future climate change impact of flooding risk by empirical method based and relies on statistical relationships between historical precipitation and flood damage. Changes in precipitation determined by general circulation models (GCMs). Future precipitation daily precipitation totals scenarios generated from an ensemble of GCMs, monthly average change output through Si mCLIM (Randall et al., 2007) To evaluate potential damages of flooding by the statistical methodsRead MoreEssay On Climate Change721 Words   |  3 Pagesextreme event flooding risk to under future climate change demonstrates adaptation measures with or without climate change and assesses of adaptation and also identifying options that can help to manage indirect flood under climate change an ‘impacts-based’ adaptation assessment (Carter et al., 2007). Adaptation measures are crucial for planning nationwide coordinated actions for flood risk reduction in view of future socioeconomic dynamics and the potential intensification of the hydrological cycleRead MoreSpatial Dynamic Optimization Of Water Use And Management Behavior7350 Words   |  30 PagesChapter Three: A Bi-level Hydroeconomic Model of Spatial Dynamic Optimization of Water Use and Management Behavior in Utah: A Case Study of Cache Valley Abstract This study employs spatial dynamic optimization and bi-level programming techniques to analyze water use behavior in the Cache Valley of Utah. Using a case-study Logan Northwest Field canal system, it explores the impact spatial location of heterogeneous actors has on decision making hierarchy and outcomes. It also analyzes in particularRead MoreSocial Simulation Applies Computational Methods Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesinteraction between individual agents, in artificial environments, based on limited information and computational ability (Zimbres and Oliviera, 2009); (3) allows the study of the effect of different combinations of social, technical and natural characteristics of systems at various time scales (Raptis et al., 2013); (4) can be utilized to predict the effect of a variety of social factors on the emergence and evolution of social norms (Chen et al., 2012); (5) models can identify the complexity throughRead MoreA Multi Agent Cross Platform Modelingand-1952 Words    |  8 Pagesmulti-agent cross-platform modelingand- simulation environment, has been enhanced with new capabilities. We explain selected simulations from our Models Library and describe recent enhancements (e.g., 3D) and demonstrate extensions (e.g., music). We focus on H u b N e t [5], a technological infrastructure for facilitating participatory simulations [6], run these activities with participants, and discuss learning experiences afforded by these activities. INTRODUCTION NetLogo [3] is a multi-agent programmingRead MoreManagement Accounting3474 Words   |  14 Pages |1,040.00 |520 x  £2.00 |1,040.00 | | | | | | | |Stripping agent |320 x  £4.50 |1,440.00 |320 x  £4.00 |1,280.00 | | | | | |

Work-Life Balance Free Essays

Issues pertaining to work-life balance have become more important in recent years on the part of employers, employers, unions and the government in developed countries. The essay discusses the concept of work-life balance and the reasons why it will benefit the business as well as the employees. It explains the different contributions or roles of the government, labor unions and the government in promoting work-life balance practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Life Balance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lastly, the essay also discusses some factors that will shape the work-life balance issue in the 21st century. Definition. According to Parkes (2008), work-life balance is an individual’s ability to meet their work and family commitments, as well as other non-work responsibilities and activities. Background and definition about work-life balance Gregory and Milner (2009) mention that work-life balance practices in the workplace are those that increase the flexibility and autonomy of the worker in negotiating their attention or time and presence in the workplace, while work-life balance policies exist where those practices are intentionally designed and implemented. They suggest that priorities of employees to balance their work-life are categorized into three types: working time arrangements, parental leave entitlements, and childcare. Employees have a tendency to express their job satisfaction and organizational commitment whenever these priorities are met through organizational work-life initiatives. Work-life balance is positively associated with the fairness and support of supervisors, understanding of family needs by the organization, and support for activities and responsibilities outside of work (Parkes 2008). The length of hours of work is the most important variables for work-life balance because employees who work fewer hours have higher work-life balance. The primary causes of the imbalance in work, life and family comes much from the social, economic and demographic changes of the society than from the changes in the organizational systems, structures and philosophies. In order to address the growing competition, organizations have adopted various management practices considered important to their survival. These may include performance management and results measuring systems, just-in-time production, reduced lead times, and extended customer service hours (Barrette). These management practices have put additional pressure on employees to increase their work productivity and performance. Furthermore, some employees are obligated to work beyond regular working hours because of market globalization. However, innovations in telecommunications have kept people more connected to their family while simultaneously enabling them to work. Barrette states that the spillover of work into personal life and the overload of work are affecting the time and energy of most employees and have consequences on the health of parents and their families. Job insecurity, unstable employment, the need to extend work hours, the complexity of work roles, and unpredictable work schedules depending on customer demands for increased performance affect the challenge of making a balance between work and family life. Moreover, the shift to a service-based economy from a manufacturing-based economy has changed the conditions and characteristics of work, making it harder to balance work and family (Barrette). Government policy for work-family The Employment Relations Act 1999 in Great Britain establishes the legal minimum requirement for employers with respect to certain rights of employees. The Act includes the provision for maternity leave, conditions under which an employees may be absent for the purposes of caring for a child, and provision relating to time off for dependants (Hogarth, Hasluck Pierre, 2000). Flexible working schedules can give both employers and employees with much needed flexibility to maintain the employment relationship. Hogarth, Hasluck Pierre (2000) mention that there is low incidence of flexible working time arrangements, even flexi time, and a greater proportion of women working with term-time contracts. The flexible working time arrangements and non-standard working times in the country demonstrate the degree of variability of working arrangements in the economy, which are likely to have relevance to work-life balance (Hogarth, Hasluck Pierre, 2000). Policy-makers have widely accepted the work-life balance practices to be positive. Such employment policies, which recognize and take into consideration of the fact that employees have responsibilities beyond the workplace, lead to reductions in employee turnover and skilled employee retention, and increased organizational commitment and loyalty. Employers recognize the business case for achieving a good balance between the demands of work and life (Hogarth, Hasluck Pierre, 2000). Those employees with lower occupational hierarchy are sometimes not eligible for some benefits, like occupational maternity pay, or not aware of relevant organizational policies. The senior or managerial employees are qualified to take advantage of work-life balance practices but may be reluctant to do so because of the perception that may affect their career advancement (Hogarth, Hasluck Pierre, 2000). The government policy for work-family balance in the Netherlands includes a right to parental and other leaves to care for family members, an employee’s right to adjust working time, and an initiative to make it easier for people to combine work and care and to help older workers continue to work as long as possible (Todd). In Sweden, the government also developed legislation that may help employees reduce work-life conflict, particularly for women. These include flexible and extended parental leave benefits, sick leave, flexible working time, and sabbatical leave (Todd). Role of Union in Promoting Work-Family Balance The role of labor union is to improve the working conditions and economic status of workers through collective bargaining agreement with employers. The Trades Union Congress in Great Britain is the one that coordinate and establish policy on behalf of the entire labor movement. The main purpose of unionism in the United States is to maintain craft standards and to prevent employers from employing untrained workers and foreign labor. The European. Unions are more engaged in more partisan political agenda. According to Hyman and Summers (2007), employees do influence work-life balance issues in the financial services sector, and work-life balance initiatives had greater breadth, codification and quality where independent unions were recognized. Unions barely played an important role in the process of introducing and implementing work-life balance policies and that initiatives made by employers often put them in a defensive position (Gregory Milner, 2009). The British unions played a role in collective bargaining on diversity. However, their role is occurring at a time when their influence and capability to act at workplace level is relatively weak. Negotiations over work-life balance by unions in France took place when the process of bargaining decreased working time in the country. Employer-led initiatives gave a room for unions in the country to be involved and to attempt to begin the initiative towards the adoption of employee-friendly policies. Labor market has affected the capacity and means of workers to sustain themselves. While the labor market enables workers to increase their income and their capacity to buy market-based sources of pleasure and support, labor market is also the place where employees exclude their other activities, including private care of their self and others. Several young people desire more time with their parents instead of additional money through more parental work (Pocock, 2006). Some workers are having a hard time to balance work-life. The problem of balancing work-life must be learned in the concept of labor market dynamics and trends in working time. Other problems relating to work-life balance are the changing workplaces, changing values and goals, changing roles, changing support structures, and changing families and households. Provision and benefit that relate with work-family balance from Business. The provisions concerning work-life balance practices provided by employers in Great Britain include statutory leave entitlements, new working parent legislation, flexible working time arrangements, homeworking, maternity rights, paternity leave, time off for dependants, and childcare and other support for working parents (Woodland, Simmonds, Thornby, Fitzgerald, McGee) . The main benefit gained by employers in Great Britain from implementing work-life balance practices is having a happier workforce. Other benefits include increase in employee retention and staff motivation. Employers in the country perceive that work-life balance practices had a positive effect on employee relations, employee motivation and commitment, labor turnover, employee recruitment, absenteeism and labor productivity. Employers who have provision of flexible working time practices and leave arrangements have improved financial performance compared with their competitors who do not have these types of arrangements. Many employers believed that work-life balance practices are more cost-effective amidst concerns regarding staff shortages (Woodland, Simmonds, Thornby, Fitzgerald, McGee). Work-life balance practices in the Europe were established as a result of government legislation and are based mainly on social responsibility. Europe provides a maximum of 48-hour work week to maintain the safety and health of employees. It also offers paternity leave, four weeks mandatory vacation, support for childcare, and telecommuting. Different countries in the European Union adopt more strict regulations on employers which limit their flexibility in offering work-life balance programs. Several companies also experienced remarkable financial benefit as a result of the work-life balance practices. Work-family balance in the 21st century The three trends that will shape the value of work-life balance in the 21st century are the increasing competition, which depends on employee relationships with customers and suppliers in order to become competitive; changing workforce; and the desire to have more balance with work and family. The labor force in the 21st century is more likely to be half female who are managing households and dual incomes out of necessity. The shift in demographic population implies that all people desire flexibility at different points in their working lives (Hutton, 2005). Conclusion The work-life balance approaches of the government, labor unions and businesses are important to employees who are trying to earn a living and at the same time to have quality time with their family. Each of them must cooperate in order to maintain and improve the existing work-life practices for present and future generations, particularly in addressing future labor issues. How to cite Work-Life Balance, Essays

Marketing Analysis of Ecostore Marketing Mix

Question: Describe about the Marketing Analysis of Ecostore for Marketing Mix. Answer: Introduction This report discusses about one of the eco environment based company i.e. Ecostore. Ecostore is New Zealand based organization which and operates in health care and skin industry. In this report, analyses of marketing mix or marketing plan has been undertaken. Marketing mix is the plan that undertakes different aspects of marketing strategies of the business organisation. In this report, Ecostore is the companys marketing mix strategy has been analysed and results have been concluded. Main components of marketing mix strategy are product, pricing, promotion and distribution or place of the business organisation. Marketing mix of Ecostore has been compared with Johansson and Johansson. Recommendation has been provided to Ecostore regarding improvement of marketing mix for product to become more competitive in the market place. Marketing background of Ecostore About company Ecostore is the leading company and has implemented eco friendly practices in its production and other aspects of business operations. Ecostore started their business with some limited product line and now they had reached to sky with their USP i.e. eco friendly material being used in products. Ecostore is engaged in different types of product and services that they provide to their customer. Product and service line of Ecostore includes; laundry products, skin care, dish products, hair products and services, home care and ultra sensitive products and services. In 1997, Ecostore has moved to Auckland them their first retail store and back. Marketing background of Ecostore is its customer loyalty that they had achieved through green marketing and eco friendly business operations. Since Ecostore is involve in health care and skin care business operations, this makes it more responsible towards not using dangerous chemicals and toxic substances. In their product promotion activities they use their USP i.e. being eco friendly, support green revolution and take care of health of their customers (Dobbs, 2014). In health and skin care industry Ecostore has positioned themselves as different business organization from others in terms of its USP. Sustainable practices had been adopted by Ecostore in their business operations. Sustainable practices can be defined as the practices that are undertaken in a manner and with special care that protects global and domestic resource. Ecostore has been involved in such practices that support eco friendly and healthier practices while undertaking production process. They use optimum resources for their business operations and addresses issues that society faces from using skin care products (Nakhchian et al., 2012). Marketing strategies Marketing strategy is the strategy that is made by the business organization for its effective development of marketing plan. In marketing strategy or marketing plan there are four main elements i.e. product, price, promotion and place (Brei et al,, 2011). Marketing manager of organization is required to address issues related to these four elements and able to develop effective marketing plan. In case of Ecostore following is its marketing strategy: Products / services Products are made or manufactured by eco friendly material and without using dangerous chemical and toxics which causes many skin problems (Standardized marketing mix 2016,). Following are some products and services of Ecostore: Laundry- Wool and delicates, soaker and stain remover, laundry liquid, etc. all these products are made up of organic material and do not include any dangerous substances. Skin care- this product line includes body lotion, body butter and hand cream. This product line requires special packing and distribution materials so that it reaches safely to the customers. Hair products- Shampoo and conditioner are two main product lines under this product category. On the basis of positioning strategy, Ecostore has developed this product since hair products are widely used product therefore this requires better analysis of how to create differentiation. Ecostore has achieved differentiation advantage under its positioning strategy by making its product safer and healthier by adopting sustainable practices. Home Products- One more product line of Ecostore is home care products which involves many product that is required for cleansing home. This product line of Ecostore has sprayers, liquid scourer, multi-purpose concentrate, etc. As a producer of sustainable product maker, Ecostore has to consider sustainability in term of material procurement, what ingredients have been used in product and process of manufacturing the product (Londhe, 2014). In production process, Ecostore uses organic material; procure material from local market, reducing carbon footprint has been achieved from distribution method of Ecostore. Pricing Price of the product is the monetary consideration that business organization receives from its customers. Pricing of product is based on product attributes, its usefulness and on the basis of worth of product. Pricing strategy under marketing mix plays important role as price is the first element of product that customer seeks (Kaye, 2013). For business organization like Ecostore and other, pricing has always been issue for the management and management accountant of Ecostore. Ecostore has been involved in the manufacturing of organic products, sustainable products and green products. Therefore it is very much difficult for Ecostore to keep product price at lower side (Nazari-Shirkouhi et al., 2013). Most of ingredients and material that is used in the production process are grown by themselves. These materials are organic, chemical free and no use of toxic substances therefore price of these materials is at higher side. It creates gap between normal skin care product and green or s ustainable product and this price gap is known as green pricing gap (Niraj and Siddarth, 2014). Material cost, labor cost, overhead cost, factory overheads and other fixed cost are some price attributes of Ecostore products. Price skimming is the pricing strategy of products that Ecostore uses to determine price of product. Under price skimming strategy, product will be set at higher price range so as to cover all cost involved including desired profit margin. It has been observed that customer is willing to pay more price of product because of its high quality (Cruz et al., 2010). Promotion Promotion is most important element of marketing mix because under promotion strategy business organisation will be able to introduce its products and its advantages to prospective customers. Promotion element of market mix can be defined as the communication link or tool between business organisation and its customer base. In case of Ecostore, promotion has become most important aspect for its business products. As Ecostore has been selling products with some unique features and some peculiar attributes, therefore it became most important factor for them to communicate advantages with its customers. Branding and brand development is the major outcome of promotion that Ecostore or other company undertakes (Haughton et al., 2015). In case of Ecostore, management tries to develop brand positioning strategy as healthy food keeps people healthy and use of organic materials and chemical free substance. Personal selling and sales promotion are two major factors for the promotion strategy. Face to face and over the counter selling stagey were adopted by Ecostore (Luca and Suggs, 2010). They offer seasonal discounts, free sample of first products, online promotion campaign for discounts, etc. Distribution Place of promotion or setting distribution channels is most important aspect for Ecostore as this will establishes contact point with customers (Talpau, 2014). Ecostore has established some retail stores so that customers can find it easy to purchase their products. Apart from physical retail store, Ecostore has established online interaction system or online ordering system for their customers. As an eco friendly or sustainable practices, Ecostore has build energy efficient retail stores, using solar panels in their stores and many other practices has been adopted by Ecostore. Ecostore has been involved many intermediaries in their distribution channel (Pralea, 2011). Apart from selling products, Ecostore has also some marketing agents and first level and second level distributors within its distribution list. Distribution element of marketing mix also requires consideration of packing and moving of products. Ecostore is engaged in manufacturing and selling organic (free from chemic al and toxic substances), therefore packing and distribution become important aspect of same. Environmental packing has been introduced and used by Ecostore, under which they are using Carbon Captured Pak. Carbon Captured Pak are made up of renewal material that can be used for multiple times. Management has put more focus on packing material that can be 100 % reusable and are used for more convenience of customers (Moser and Wohlfarth, 2009). Comparison of marketing mix with competitors There are different aspects of marketing mix or marketing plan that each and every business organisation undertaken according to its business operations. In case of Ecostore involved in health and skin care industry, there are many competitors at market place. There are some giant businesses organisations like Johnson and Johnson, Pfizer and AstraZeneca are some competitors that Ecostore has. Different business organisation or competitor has different marketing mix or marketing plan that supports their business products and other business operations. Company Product Price Promotion Place / Distribution Ecostore Organic products with suitability characteristics. Ecostore is involved in much product line and it almost covers each and every aspect of skin care and health industry. Pricing of Ecostore is at higher side because of quality material and end product quality is of premium. Ecostore has adopted personal selling and sales promotion as promotion strategy for its product line. There is less intermediaries involve in Ecostore distribution system. Marketing agent is the key person that undertakes many activities for Ecostore. Johnson and Johnson Johnson and Johnson is one of the leading brands in term of health and skin care. It offers wide range of products and services to customers. But these are not organic in nature. As Johnson and Johnson is developed brand in the market place, therefore it enjoys premium pricing strategy in the market. Customers are ready to pay any amount for product of Johnson and Johnson. Johnson and Johnson undertake aggressive promotion tools into account. They use more of media for their promotional activities. TV advertisements, hoarding advertisements, etc are some promotional strategy elements of Johnson and Johnson (Ranjbar et al., 2012). Distribution channel of Johnson and Johnson is quite huge since it covers majority of market share. Recommendations for improvement of marketing mix In order to improve marketing plan Ecostore is required to make certain changes to it. Ecostore has some limitations in terms of its products and its prising strategies. Although products of Ecostore is very popular but are limited in terms of its attributes. Main element of Ecostores product is its use of organic material and organic nature. This has created some limitation in terms of useability and moveability of its products (Brooks and Simkin, 2012). On the other hand, pricing of its products is at higher side, which makes it unattractive to certain section of market. In terms of promotional strategy, Ecostore is required to undertaken some aggressive and vast coverage promotional tools. At present, promotional tools of Ecostore is not good enough to accommodate or attract vast section of society. In order to improve marketing mix or marketing plan of Ecostore in term of its product, following are some strategies shall be adopted: Product Modification- Ecostore can modify some attributes of its products so as make it more easy to use and increase usability. Changing characteristics or features of product can be treated as modification of product. Product characteristics or features can be modified only on three basis and they are; quality, appearance and functions (Luan and Sudhir, 2010). Ecostore has to rearrange some features of products so that they are able to attract more and more customers toward their products. Systematic or careful changes shall be undertaken by the management of Ecostore so that it does not hamper requirement of customers from the product. Change in functionality of the product may improve its functionality; product will became more convenient for its user and safer in terms of its usability. Product Mix Decision Modifying Mix Changing Mix Width- Changing mix width is process of changing wide verity of product line that business organisation has. Since Ecostore offers different types of products or involves different product line therefore they can change their product line as per the requirement of changing market and of its customers. They are producing many products of same product line, in this way they can shorter or increase their products in particular product line (Voina, 2004). Modifying Mix Consistency- Another measure that can be undertaken by Ecostore is to modify their mix consistency. Mix consistency in the product line can be defined as the situation of having different products with close usability or close functionality with each other. In case of Ecostore, they are involve in different product line having many different products in it and has close functionality level. Therefore Ecostore can change their or modify their products of particular product line (Sriram et al., 2006). Product Mix Decision- Another way to manage product mix or product in marketing mix or plan is to take decisions related to increase or decrease products in product line. Product mix is the decision that is taken on the systematic analysis of market or product performance of Ecostore. Product mix decision can also be taken on the basis of performance of product in the market and if that particular product is nor performing well using more resources of business organisation (Shen, 2014). Then in this case, product production shall be close to an end. In this manner, Ecostore has to shut down some its products so that perform better in the market. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that marketing mix is the most important element for business effectiveness. It can be concluded that Ecostore has been enjoying product differentiation strategy in terms of sits products. Ecostore has been involved in production and distribution of organic products, chemical and toxication free health and skin products. This unique feature of Ecostores products has made them different among other. After analysis of their marketing mix it can be analysed that pricing policy and promotion activities needs to be modified bit so as to attract vast population. It can be concluded that product mix decision, modifying mix consistency and changing mix width are some methods that shall be adopted by Ecostore to make changes in its product category. References Brei, V.A., D'Avila, L., Camargo, L.F. Engels, J. 2011, "The influence of adaptation and standardization of the marketing mix on performance: a meta-analysis", BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 266-287. Brooks, N. Simkin, L. 2012, "Judging marketing mix effectiveness", Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 494-514. Cruz, T.B., Wright, L.T. Crawford, G. 2010, "The menthol marketing mix: targeted promotions for focus communities in the United States", Nicotine tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, vol. 12 Suppl 2, no. Supplement 2, pp. S147-S153. Dobbs, M. 2014, "Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates", Competitiveness Review, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 32-45. Haughton, D., Hua, G., Jin, D., Lin, J., Wei, Q. Zhang, C. 2015, "Optimization of the promotion mix in the healthcare industry", International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 289-305. Kaye, K. 2013, "THE CASE OF THE MISSING BOBBLEHEADS; The Cleveland Indians' marketing-mix modeling revealed that the team needed more giveaway nights but fewer giveaways--so it's off with some bobbleheads", Advertising Age, vol. 84, no. 11, pp. 24. Londhe, B.R. 2014, "Marketing Mix for Next Generation Marketing", Procedia Economics and Finance, vol. 11, pp. 335-340. LUAN, Y.J. SUDHIR, K. 2010, "Forecasting Marketing-Mix Responsiveness for New Products", Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 444-457. Luca, N.R. Suggs, L.S. 2010, "Strategies for the Social Marketing Mix: A Systematic Review", Social Marketing Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 122-149. Moser, R. Wohlfarth, S. 2009, "Supplier Base Management in the Indian Automotive Industry: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Analysis", South Asian Journal of Management, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 63. Nakhchian, A., Ome Kolsom Zeraatgar Boorani Gorji, N. 2012, "Overall profitability of companies depending on optimal use of the marketing mix (4Ps) (McDonald's case study)", Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 876. Nazari-Shirkouhi, S., Keramati, A. Rezaie, K. 2013, "Improvement of customers satisfaction with new product design using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems approach", Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 23, no. S1, pp. 333-343. Niraj, R. Siddarth, S. 2014, "Price customization and within-chain data do not mix", European Journal of Marketing, vol. 48, no. 1/2, pp. 360-379. Pralea, A. 2011, "THE HEALTH MARKETING MIX", Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 43-50. Ranjbar, A., Iranzadeh, S. poursadegh, n. 2012, "The effects of marketing mix elements on Brand equity", New Marketing Research Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 155-172. Shen, A. 2014, "Recommendations as personalized marketing: insights from customer experiences", Journal of Services Marketing, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 414-427. Sriram, S., Chintagunta, P.K. Neelamegham, R. 2006, "Effects of Brand Preference, Product Attributes, and Marketing Mix Variables in Technology Product Markets", Marketing Science, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 440-456. standardized marketing mix 2016, , 6th edn, Oxford University Press. Talpau, A. 2014, "THE MARKETING MIX IN THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT", Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 53-58. Voina, A.A. 2004, "Optimal Dynamic Strategies for Stochastic Models of Marketing Promotion Mix", Cybernetics and Systems Analysis, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 270-276.

Ap American History Change in American Society After Revolution Dbq Essays

Ap American History Change in American Society After Revolution Dbq Essays Ap American History Change in American Society After Revolution Dbq Paper Ap American History Change in American Society After Revolution Dbq Paper Once the Americans were free from British control after the American Revolution, they started to reevaluate their politics, the economy, and society. After America broke away from what they saw as a corrupt and damaging government, they altered how they wanted to govern their society, even though they returned to a more centralized government similar to the British. Those who weren’t educated, as viewed by the elite, didn’t experience a lot of change however the concept from the revolution still guided some to seek more financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalists experienced the most amount of change in society as women experienced more freedoms, some slaves were set free, and loyalists left America. Overall, America didn’t experience a lot of economic change, however it did experience political and social change. As soon as the Americans first broke away from Britain, they wanted their government to not resemble Britain’s at all. By doing this, they adopted the Articles of Confederation that had no national executive branch. However, because the government under the Articles of Confederation had about no power because it couldn’t raise money through taxes, the people who led the national government came to realize that a more centralized government was needed. As the constitution was written and it was in the process of being ratified by all the states, the federalist papers written mostly by Alexander Hamilton were written. In one paper by James Madison, he writes â€Å"Ambition must be made to counteract ambition† (Doc I), which shows the concept of checks and balances could be used to keep the national government in line and controlled. The Constitution, finally ratified, was similar to Britain’s government but also different in its more active system of checks and balances. Economically, Americans did not experience a lot of change. The Philadelphia society for the promotion of agriculture in 1786, handed out a medal, which said, â€Å"venerate the plough† (Doc F). This shows how the elite were still rewarding the common people who weren’t financially better off than before the revolution. Similarly, in Shay’s Rebellion farmers led by the ex-military officer â€Å"[stopped] the courts of justice in several counties†¦crying out for a paper currency, [or] for an equal distribution of power† (Doc G). Shay’s Rebellion represented the economic conflict that the common people were continuing and eventually rebelled against though their actions were for nothing after they were broken up. After the Revolution, women, slaves, and loyalists experienced differing degrees of change in society. Women, trained in the concept of Republican Motherhood, to embed values of justice and liberty in their children had taken over roles during the revolution. In a woodcut of a patriot woman, a woman is drawn carrying a rifle and a gunpowder horn (Doc A), representing how women played more significant roles in society by accompanying the fighting soldiers and in this case, fighting alongside them in the revolution. However, all women were not happy to go back to their household chores after the revolution as seen by Molly Wallace who says â€Å"if [taught] to read, why not speak? † (Doc J), illustrating how some women wanted to further their domestic roles and play a larger role in society. However, women suffrage would not occur for about another 140 years so their change in society was low. For slaves, depending on the region, there was much change in society. After the revolution, many slaves were set free in the North, though it would take until the civil war for the slaves in the south to be set free. Under the Northwest Ordinance in 1787, â€Å"There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said territory† (Doc H), showing how slavery’s role in society changed significantly in people’s minds to outlaw it in new territories. The Loyalists, or the Tories, also experienced significant change in society. After the revolution they were despised and in Pennsylvania Packet, it is said â€Å"Never let [the Tories] return to this happy land† (Doc B), demonstrating the hatred directed towards those who remained loyal to the British during and after the revolution. Loyalists experienced so much change in society that many left America, never to return, removing themselves altogether from the colonists as a result of the negative change. Politically Americans experienced some change by forging a new government even though they took a new direction in the end. Economically, the common people, who fought for better lifestyles, still lived under the elites. However a significant amount of change occurred for women, slaves and loyalists, although the loyalist position in changed in society turned to a very negative manner. In these ways after the American Revolution, society experienced change in political and social life, but not economically.

Development History Of Airasia Essays

Development History Of Airasia Essays Development History Of Airasia Essay Development History Of Airasia Essay A A A A A A A AIRASIA, is one among the top International trade name in the low cost Airline Industry Airasia trade name came into being in 1993 it was a joint public-private sector endeavor, nevertheless in 2001 current CEO Mr Tony Fernandes purchased it and It was under him the Airasia trade name got planetary acknowledgment and impossible growing which started right from 2002 and continues boulder clay day of the month, AirAsia started traveling up the ladder under Tony s leading from 2002 onwards by establishing new paths from its chief hub the capital of Malaysia boulder clay so the national bearer of Malaysia ruled the sky in and around Malaysia. In 2007 Airasia announced the birth of Airasia X the long draw budget flights, the first AirAsia X flight was from kuala lumpur International airdrome to Gold seashore in Australia therefore began the journey from south east Asia to capturing paths in major metropoliss around the universe. In 2007 Virgin Airline head had 20 % interest in AirAsia X and had announced codification sharing between Virgin Blue and AirAsia in and around Australian subcontinent. Profile of AirAsia. AIRASIA, is Asia s largest and one among the top 10 international trade name in the low cost section holding physical base in three states ; Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. AirAsia has four subordinates: AirAsia, , Indonesia AirAsia, ThaiAirAsia and VeitJet Airasia. The company has a strength of around 3000 staffs and It flies to around 65 finishs worldwide utilizing the 97 aircrafts and another 125 on order will be added to it s fleet and it operates over 400 domestic and International flights, The entire figure of riders that flew Airasia numbered 16,000,000 per twelvemonth at a rate of 51000 per twenty-four hours for the twelvemonth 2007. STRATEGIC CORPORATE PLANNING OF AIRASIA: By September 2008 Airasia had 60 paths and was voted as Worlds best New Airline for 2008 at World low cost Airline Congress in London inspite of tough competition it faced over Asiatic skies by trade name which had committed fan following, planetary recession and increased air fuel monetary values. Airasia managed to last and turn against the uneven entirely based on their typical theoretical account and new schemes. AIRASIA MODEL AND STRATEGIES. To place itself as the top air hose trade name in the low-cost, short draw based on no frills model.. Opening of new hubs at airdromes and new paths outside their dominated Asiatic zone. Expanding into the Cargo transit market. Selling as a Go Green trade name. User being able to entree engagements and Online Information on Airasia through Blackberry. Fuel efficiency which helps in the overall decrease of travel cost. The motto of Airasia is Now Everyone Can FLY , to pull clients both old and new one s with winging on clip and holding attractive and competitory monetary value and circuit bundles as airasia direction have their ain hotel division holding star hotels around many finishs plus holding broad scope of repast option on the In-fight purchase bill of fare. The theoretical account which AirAsia under Mr Tony Fernandes adopted for long draw flight was to take airdrome where airdrome charges was low hence alternatively of Sydney airdrome Gold seashore airdrome was considered for airasia nexus between Malaysia and Australia. To accomplish Reduction in travel fuel cost Airasia concentrated on optimising the air fuel ingestion and with bulk of the plus within the fleet being new Airbus planes, it s more easier said than done. Airasia direction based it s theoretical account around latest engineering including holding entree to it s service [ online engagement, on-line checking and e-ticketing ] through computing machines and blackberries. Consecutive growing of Airasia since it s re-birth in 2001, can be put on following chief schemes which they adopted: Cost decrease scheme of Airasia: Airasia vision is be a leader in the low cost air hose section by aiming the 3 one million millions people who are still under-served with the hapless connectivity A ; confronting the high menus. AirAsia directions cardinal schemes on cost decrease are: High point concentration on Passenger Safety and care of its fleet to be in best of the status as per the set criterions of regulators and it s spouses. To accomplish High Aircraft Utilization by seeking to acquire the speedy turnaround by 25 proceedingss and by increasing staff productiveness. Low menu, no Frills like added installations of luggage transportation, penchant on repasts and place agreement etc. which adds to the client satisfaction. Streamline Operationss by working with individual aircraft fleet to cut down manpower and stocking of care parts. Using Latest Lean Distribution System to cut down labor and material use like use of E-ticket. Point to indicate web. Summarised in a Table format below. Cost Class Cost Item Levers for cut downing costs Costss -Aircraft Use. -Reduce turnaround times. -Reduce care downtime Fuel Costss Path Efficiency -Weight Decrease -Shorter en-route and attack times. -High criterion of swift care. -Use of fuel hedge scheme. Managing Costss aˆ? Service Level aˆ? Insourcing. aˆ? Reduce Handling Fees aˆ? Pre-cleaning activities by cabin crew aˆ? Loading/unloading support from crew aˆ? Global contracts with cardinal providers aˆ? Off-peak pricing Providing Costss aˆ? Reduce unit costs aˆ? Reduce volumes aˆ? Simplification of repast pick. aˆ? Reduce logistics costs for bringing. aˆ? Monitor riders vs. available repasts. Thin Distribution direction. aˆ? Ticketing aˆ? Gross saless Channelss aˆ? Gross saless Committees aˆ? Development of E-ticketing aˆ? Self-service check-ins aˆ? Divert clients to online channels. aintenance -Fleet. -Service Costss -Fleet harmonization. -Reduce mean swift age. -Joint buying of some work. optimise care activities Porter s Generic Strategies. AirAsia follows Porter s schemes to concentrate on cost leading to allign with it s concern scheme and mission statement by aiming specific section of monetary value sensitive clients and the first clip flyers looking at value for monetary value and short draw flughts. Figure 1: Porters Generic Schemes Cost Leadership ( Broader in range ) Differentiation scheme: ( Broader in range Focus-differentiation scheme ( Narrow in range ) Porters Generic schemes negotiations of three different generic schemes that any concern can concentrate for a overall border over rivals, sustainability and growing as shown in above figure, the three schemes include Cost leading, Differentiation scheme and market cleavage ( Focused distinction ) ( Johnson A ; Scholes 1997 ) . A Cost leading scheme: This scheme allows a concern to go the lowest cost manufacturer of a merchandise within an industry by organizing and pull offing its value- adding activities. Cost advantage may be achieved in footings of how qualitatively a merchandise or services is designed. Differentiation scheme: This scheme is adopted by carrying clients that a merchandise is superior to that offered by rivals ( Campbell, 2002 ) . The value added by the singularity of the merchandise or services may let the company to bear down a premium monetary value for it. However, the menace to this distinction may include copying of the merchandise by rivals and alterations in client gustatory sensations. Focus-differentiation scheme is aimed at a section of the market from a merchandise instead than at the whole market or many markets ( Campbell, 2002 ) . The successful manner utilizing focal point scheme is to orient a wide of merchandise or service development strengths to a comparatively narrow market section that they know really good. This scheme may besides confront the menace of imitation and alterations in the mark sections. AirAsia concern scheme is built around above defined three Porters generic schemes on two of the above strategies it follows Broader approch and on focus-differentiation scheme AirAsia follows narrow approch to prolong its competitory advantage. AirAsia mission statement was to be the leader in the low cost segement and it follows the porters scheme to the book on costleadership by supplying services at a monetary value that is merely lower than rivals monetary value and by effectual and efficient operational direction. Airasia uses Porters cost leading schemes to be on way of it s motto Now everyone can wing to accomplish this it markets and manages itself as air hose with hassle-free, no-frills, luxary at low menu travel by efficently pull offing it s policy of cost decrease to the micro degree in the value concatenation so that the economy can be passed on to the monetary value senstive riders so as to be the leader in the low cost section. SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysisA is aA strategic planningA method used to measure theA Strengths, A Weaknesses, A Opportunities, andA Threats involved in in aA businessA venture.A SWOT analysis points to the Internal ( strength and failing ) and External ( chances and menaces ) factors that would impact in the growing and sustainability of a concern venture in our instance Airasia to prolong it s top place in the low cost bearer section. Strengths Low cost operations which has made AirAsia trade name a leader in the low cost bearer section. Airasia direction is made of fewer degree which helps in faster and effectual, focused and aggressive direction and with manegment dwelling of members holding strong links with Government in south Pacific Asia, it makes it easy for their concern development with least authorities intervention and more grants. Airasia Staffs is made up of work force which are Multi-skilled and efficient, Airasia follows the theoretical account of inducements for the hardworking and smart work force, this theoretical account helps to return endowment and to turn along with the company. Management strong focal point on cost decrease to place AirAsia Groups as industry s lowest cost manufacturer. Airasia group have strong balance sheet and hard currency flow this helps to endure short-terms unforseen troubles. Airasia direction decesion to travel to a Single type fleet paid good it helps in understating care fees. IT Utilization to the upper limit has enabled Airasia to increase efficiency assisting it track it s fleet, staffs and place direction in instance of no-show clients on ASAP footing. IT besides helps in promotional activities and in thin direction based on e-ticketing theoretical account and on-line checking. Fuel Burn A ; Emissions: Single type fleet of Airbus A320 helps Airasia stick to it s efficient fuel use constabulary to travel by their GO Green and cost decrease scheme. Airbus A320 s low noise degree improves operational flexibleness and lowers surcharges for airdromes with noise restraints. Accessory Servicess: In the current twelvemonth from January to April, Airasia achieved accessory income of RM45 per rider. AirAsia s accessory service includes merchandises and services such as luggage supersize, in-flight nutrient and drink, selling and duty-free, courier, airspace advertisement and AirAsia RedTix. AirAsia RedTix is a alone Ancillary income system which is related with non-airline fining system concentrating on tickets to events, athleticss and music. Accessory income non merely contributes to the air hose s bottom line, but it besides provides a buffer against lifting fuel monetary values. Failing Airasia do non hold their ain MRO ( care, Repair and Overhaul ) installations. Bing a immature fleet with immature staff at times makes it hard to manage unforseen state of affairs at both physical location and over the client service direction chiefly related with alteration of flight and over refunds.. AirAsia have faced troubles with authorities intervention chiefly at degree where Airasia s chief competition happens to be straight with the national bearer. Bing a immature trade name makes it a challenge to catch the attending of frequent and first clip flyers for Branding is critical for market place. Airasia depends on service based on outsourcing which at times can take to bringing holds and hinderance of long continuance on two section IT and MBR. Young fleet at times shows deficiency of eventuality program on irregular state of affairss. Opportunities AirAsis after doing a grade for it s trade name in short draw low cost bearer sector is targetting the Long draw flight sphere as an test stage to tap portion of that market every bit good. After holding tasted success in Asia-Pacific part, AirAsia is targetting new paths and finishs on a planetary degree. AirAsia by holding tie up with other established low cost bearers on Exisiting, new paths and finishs untapped by AirAsia trade name for illustration Airasia have tieup with Virgin Airline on set downing rights and set downing slots. AirAsia have tied with assorted newAirports outside of Malaysia for puting up for new AirAsia hub at these Airports. AirAsia direction through it s RedTix subordinate can enchance it s trade name growing by holding Service related Industry-wide common cooperation. AirAsia being in a Dominant/monopoly place in many paths in and around the Asia-Pacific zone will give them dickering power on the pricing forepart. Menaces Established bearers both private and national bearers if start conveying down their monetary values to pull the cost sensitive clients will straight impact AirAsia which is based on low cost, no frills, no fuss theoretical account. Global uncertainness on Business and Political forepart straight causes fuel monetary values to increase and High Fuel monetary values decreases gross and hurts more for a low cost bearer. IT Utilization to maximum can besides hold a side consequence on growing for heavy trust on on-line gross revenues is hazardous as system can breakdown anytime. New signifier of revenue enhancements for illustration Environmental revenue enhancements adds on to disruption on the cost equation. With terrorist act being a planetary evil air hose Industry is the ever under menace, Accidents due to human and natural catastrophe is ever a menace. Uncertainities on Aviation ordinances and authorities policies. Plague Analysis POLITICAL: Political Uncertainties in Asia-pacific part be it Malaysia, Indonesia and the broad agitation in Thailand. Malayan Government Regulation played a critical function at the initial phases. There existed a heavy limitation on competition in this industry imposed by the single states chiefly malaaysia seeking to protect their national air hoses. The bilateral understanding between the states led to the deregulating of the industry. Terrorism is one of the factor which plays behind the head of the traveller want to take a holiday in the Asia-pacific zone specially after Bali bombing which is one of the ascendant part for AirAsia trade name. ECONOMIC: The terrorist onslaughts, wars, epidemics like SARS, played a really important function in the air hose industries. Uncertainty in fuel and energy costs Uncertainties on the economical Recession forepart can extremely impact the AirAsia growing. Sociable: The Growth in the Middle category population in Asia where AirAsia has a ruling presence. Attractive Travel and touristry bundle by authorities initiated touristry Ministry and private circuit operators attracted big figure of flyers. Exclusive monetary values provided by AirAsia helped in the growing of it s trade name among monetary value witting flyers. TECHNOLOGICAL: Bing a Young fleet, AirAsia had the Advantage to put and utilize latest engineering and constructs as their concern theoretical account. AirAsia along with utilizing World Wide web for online services are internally utilizing -Yield Management system, computing machine reserve system and latest Microsoft s Enterprise Resource Planning System. All these have helped AirAsia to cut down operating costs and supply fast, efficient service like look intoing of flight agendas, booking seats, on-line check-in, and pre-order repasts, Supersize my luggage. FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS upto 2nd One-fourth of 2010. Table below Shows the positive growing of AirAsia trade name in last 3 old ages with strong net income after revenue enhancement public presentation of RM 549 million AirAsia s Malayan Statement in Malaysia currency RM. 2010 ( 2nd ) One-fourth 2009 ( Annual ) 2008 ( Annual ) Operating Gross 940656 3178854 2,851,786 Core Operating Net income 168,529 447453 180,481 Net income after Tax 143,654 549,054 496,563 Core Operating Net income Margin 14.1 % 6.3 % Net income after Tax Margin 21.1 % 17.3 % -17.4 %

BG William Hazen and the Savannah Campaign Research Paper

BG William Hazen and the Savannah Campaign - Research Paper Example Hazen played a major role in the planning and execution of the Savannah campaign and the fact that he managed to do so with minimal casualties can be considered to be one of the most remarkable events in the war history of the United States. The history of this man as a tactician and the victories that he won before the Savannah campaign is one of the reasons why he was so successful in the battles he led and won, ensuring that all of the intended objectives of these battles were dealt with in a manner which was swift and effective. The Savannah campaign ensured that the name of Hazen would remain in the annals of the history of the United States for a long time and this not only encouraged members of the future generations of the American military, but also led to the development of similar strategies in other wars that were fought in future. Therefore, it can be said that the Savannah campaign was a turning point in the Civil War and William Hazen was one of the military leaders wh o were able to make it a success. The Savannah campaign was planned and executed by Major General William Sherman who after leading his forces into a war in the Deep South which culminated in the capture of Atlanta made a move for Savannah as a way of opening up the communication route with the rest of the Union command.1 While this was the case, there was also the need to ensure that such strategic areas as Fort McAllister were under Union control because this was the only way through which they could be able to effectively capture Savannah. During this period, the Confederate defense of Savannah had sorely misjudged the Union army’s ability to capture the city and this was mainly because of the fact that the city’s entire defense concentrated mainly on the sea, from where the attack was expected. It is this form of defense strategy that

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Geico Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geico Case Study - Essay Example Of a lot number of benefits, even few elements shall bring, aspirants, home about the benefits they can enjoy. Health and well being, that is in itself a complete program, is a well designed plan for its associates. The well being and health of the full time associate is covered 360 degrees making it perfect set of benefits. Education and training program, with, GEICO, is a lifelong learning opportunity that cares for career development coupled with trainings, tuition reimbursements and even family scholarships. Finance and retirement benefits are reinforced by astounding plan of profit sharing and variety of plans with over 20 investment options. For holidays and other leaves GEICO provides a plan that can help contentment for its associates. Similarly, family and life program and other perquisites along with a bunch of amenities are a great convenience. At GEICO the notion that family requirements should be understood to create affinity among the company and the associate is a way to integrate its associate well. The dependents of associates are also cared for and numbers of programs have been formed for the purpose. In these programs, long term care insurance plan, adoption assistance, associate assistance program are few that need a mention. Under associate assistance program GEICO provides up to three phone and/or in-person counseling sessions without any cost. AAP also includes work-life balance programs, baby welcome program, day care and elder care referrals, counseling for stress, anxiety and depression, and financial counseling, aid during crisis situation and legal consultation. To evaluate such perks are not only important for integrating its associates with the company, but also to make them realize that the relationship is symbiotic. In this paper a comparison of GEICO Total Rewards Program is being made with top advantages of Total Rewards program. Total Rewards program is now, known as an integrated part of HR best practices with a view of emplo yee retention and satisfaction. The World-at-Work Handbook of Compensation, Benefits & Total Rewards by John Wiley is perhaps a definitive guide to compensation and benefits from modern HR professionals. In accordance with the best practices, the management must be vigilant enough to attract, motivate and retain quality employees. This manual provides for an indispensable method to make HR professionals comprehend and implement Total Rewards concept (Bus.iastate.edu). GEICO plan in comparison to Total Rewards Program: In Total Rewards program organizational culture, business strategy and Human Resource strategy are key players that shape overall planning, initiated through this program. It includes above mentioned plans that primarily attract, motivate and retain employees. It is an employee centric program that causes satisfaction and dedication only for the purpose of better business and performance results. It can be seen from the offers under this GEICO Total Rewards Plan that t he initiative is more likely to achieve â€Å"benchmark and standards of Total Rewards Plan†. They are far sighting and can be termed as closer to an excellent level (Awlp.org). To analyze the program, let us see the advantages that are important for an organization to maintain its integrity and lead: No single element is left isolated, meaning that all elements are taken care of, yet certain â€Å"elements are prioritized†

Polynomial Matrix Decompositions

Polynomial Matrix Decompositions The interest and dramatic increase in demand for high-speed data transmission has exploded since the introduction of triple play multimedia services. One of the pioneering contributions is the increasingly higher data rates achievable through the use of multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) channels. A further increase in data rates is possible through a well-coordinated multiple channels. Precoding and equalization transmission blocks represent a typical coordinated strategy that enhance the channel capacity of a deterministic narrowband MIMO channel. This strategy can be derived by performing a singular value decomposition (SVD) of a channel matrix. These blocks allow a MIMO channel matrix to solve a host of special multicarrier problems using the orthogonal property of the system. It can also be exploited to approximate low-rank channel matrix by reducing the dimensionality of high-dimensional data sets. The technique referred to here as an orthogonal spatial multiplexing (OSM) method. OSM allows multiple users to use a given bandwidth simultaneously by dividing the available channel into multiple narrow orthogonal bands that are spectrally spaced. Each band is then divided into numerous subcarriers, which are structures so as not to interfere with one another. The transmit signal is then modulated onto these subcarriers. The technique exploits physical separation methods that permit the sharing of channel resources simultaneously.   Every users becomes spatially spaced far enough from each other to counteract interference.   In addition to spacing, dual polarizations are introduced to further avoid interference. When signalling over MIMO channels using an orthogonal spatial multiplexing, an SVD can be used to derive every sub-carrier/tone. In the traditional method, an increase in the number of tones also increase the complex computational load.   It is therefore the focus of this study to investigate an alternative means for obtaining an efficient decomposition. A MIMO channel can be modelled as a weighted sum of the past and present samples of transmit data. The channel considers a finite impulse response (FIR) filters that can be represented by a covariance matrix whose elements are polynomials. This study focuses on investigating algorithms that decompose the covariance matrix directly. Approximation factors can then be introduced to obtain the Precoding and equalization transmission blocks. Existing polynomial singular value decomposition algorithm is used and studied in the context of channel quality and computational complexity settings. The decomposition algorithms were shown to give decompositions of good channel quality, but if the goal is to obtain Precoding and equalization transmission blocks, the computational load is restricted with higher multidimensional channels. An algorithm for approximating direct decomposition of covariance matrices is investigated. Although we discuss simple cases resulted in excellent decompositions but analyse with numerical stability of a spectral factorization steps for large-case decompositions. For high frequency selective MIMO channels, the performance achieved by utilizing the polynomial SVD algorithm were compared to the channel capacity. It was shown that if the transmit sequences are approximated individually at the receiver, as done in the traditional approach, the performance more likely to be sensitive to errors in the decomposition. An equalizer with a spatially joint detector seems promising to achieve a better performance close to the single-user transmission. With such an equalizer, the low complexity property of the traditional approach is compromised with performance. Summarizing, this study has shown that a MIMO channel can be diagonalized in space and frequency using spatial multiplexing method in conjunction with a polynomial SVD algorithm. In order to reach better performance close to the achivable of a single-user, the computational load becomes restraining compared to the traditional approach, for channels with higher multidirectional channels.

My Town :: essays papers

My Town To give you a better view of "My Town," I will perch him atop the highest point of the some-kind-of-wonderful city of Hillside: The Giza pyramid-shaped pile of garbage majestically sitting in the town dump. The movie theater is to the west; a neon-pink fluorescent sign frames this week's shows: Th' Bach, Scram 3, and y' of Th' Bholdr. Teenage employees relinquish all responsibility for the missing "E"s. A makeshift lemonade stand is set up a block away. Sometimes, its determined entrepreneurs, the set of five-year-old twins, Brooke and Blake Simone like to mix their drink of choice with "extra flavoring," such as leaves, rocks, and the occasionally, yet classic family of ants. Needless to say, the single dime in their yellow Teletubbie cash box has not multiplied since their first day of business. The strip mall to the north has been replaced by Car Max, the automobile superstore. Unfortunately, the abundance of cars has not, in fact, improved anyone's driving skills, or lack of them. Further west is Proviso West High School; the peeling, forest-green painted fence that protects the school grounds failed to prevent kleptomaniacs from stealing seven car stereos from the parking lot last December. The football field behind the school patiently waits with its freshly mowed green splendor for the team of big, burly boys (and one girl) to actually win a game. At 5:30 AM, a shivering Student Council vice-president with the intent to do extra work trudges the perimeter of the edifice, praying for an open door to a building that doesn't like to be occupied outside of the normal school hours. Psychologically, two opposing beliefs surface for why I dream of dancing sugarplums and college diplomas rather than a pin on my Dairy Queen hat that reads "Employee of the Month." A child is either influenced by his surroundings and peers or repelled into the opposite direction. As a magnet gone a rye, I am thankful that Hillside has not influenced me to blend in with the crowd; neither the cemetery across the street from school nor the various monument and flower shops entice me to- pardon my morbidity- just drop dead. The strategically located bowling alley down the block does not tempt me to ditch school. Certainly, the smell of the garbage dump has turned me off to the wide-eyed world of garbage disposal and handicapped my nose, thus threatening me into giving a hoot.

Brazil Macroeconomics Essay

The country of choice is Brazil for the following reasons: it is a booming economy, which provides some stark contrast with the stagnation and ever-mentioned phrase ‘double-dip recession’ which now commonly used in the West. Macroeconomics is concerned with the study of aggregate economy, which embodies all nationally relevant economic indicators. The common indicators are the unemployment rate, the rate of inflation, the GDP per capita, economic growth, the economic cycle, and the labor force. Since 2003, Brazil’s economy has been growing steadily. It has been improving its macroeconomic stability despite a small crisis in 2008 which saw its growth rate decline to 2.6%. In 2010 it grew by 7.6% amid renewed confidence from foreign investors. Part of the reason for this is the high interest rates which make it attractive to foreign investors. Note also that this was its highest growth in 25 years, whilst people especially given that many economies were struggling a t the same time. Furthermore, the continuing flows of investment into the manufacturing sector have provided greater backbone to the economy. Note that a commonly cited reason for the economic struggle of the UK for example is its everlasting trading deficit. It does not export enough, it does not manufacture enough. With natural resources such as tin, clay, uranium, platinum, petroleum, cocoa, gold, wood, and hydroelectric power (and much more), Brazil is generally recognized as one of the naturally richest countries on Earth in terms of quantity and probably the richest in terms of variety of resources. The subject being treated here is not a comparative analysis between Brazil, an emerging economy and the declining economies of the West. Comparative analysis will only be used briefly in order to further confirm the great performance of this economy since 2003. In the arena of macroeconomics, it is essential to look at things from a national and international standpoint and therefore the performance of one economy is not only relative to its past performance but also relative to other economies in the world. In the past decade Brazil’s Government has combined fiscal policy has been used at times to stave off excessive inflation and encourage consumption. The reason why this has worked out is that in the long-run, the country has consistently been creating jobs both in the manufacturing and the services sectors, which in unison with fiscal policy have helped keep a lid on inflation in the past ten years. This point of success will be analyzed inn depth given that this country was previously known to have huge inflationary problems prior to the last decade. http://www.bbc.co.uk http://www.indexmundi.com/brazil/economy_profile.html http://www.thomaswhite.com/explore-the-world/brazil.aspx

Role of Knowledge Management in Improving Performance of Operations Departments

Role of Knowledge Management in Improving Performance of Operations Departments Introduction Knowledge is arguably the most important asset an organization has. Its good management is crucial if the organization is to succeed in a competitive environment. In the past, many organizations did not recognize this and few resources were dedicated to managing the knowledge that the organizations had.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Knowledge Management in Improving Performance of Operations Departments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this has changed in the course of the last decade and knowledge management (KM) has emerged as an important field that provides the rationale for managing knowledge in order to achieve the increased productivity of the organization. Baskerville and Alina (2006) note that knowledge management has become such an important concept that many executives today characterize their most important task as leveraging organizational knowledge (p.83). It has been recognized the KM plays a crucial role in the accomplishment of organizational goals and KM has therefore become one of the necessary tools for modern organizations. Against this background, this paper will set out to discuss the role that knowledge management plays in improving the performance of operations departments of an organization. The paper will demonstrate how KM strategies can help an organization to improve its performance and therefore remain competitive. Overview of Knowledge Management Knowledge is a justified personal belief and it is a mix of framed experiences, values, contextual information, and expert insights. It provides the framework through which new information or experience is evaluated or incorporated. Knowledge is a very important and strategic resource for an organization. However, it can only be utilized properly if an organization makes an effort to discovery patterns and rules where knowledge works. This can only be achieved through the proper m anagement of the knowledge; a task that is essential for a business to improve its efficiency and effectiveness in delivering of services and goods to its clients. Knowledge management is defined by King (2009, p.4) as the planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling of people, processes and systems in the organization to ensure that its knowledge-related assets are improved and effectively employed. KM aims to increase competition between organizations and increase the level of effective decision making. Management of the knowledge base is a very important issue and King (2009) proposes that for KM to be optimal, a large number of employees should be relied upon to contribute their knowledge. Relying on specialists to enter and manage the knowledge base greatly limits the effectiveness of KM Systems. Role of KM in Performance Improvement KM helps the organization to identify the factors which lead to superior performance and capitalize or make further improvements on these asp ects. Baskerville and Alina (2006) state that for many organizations, these factors include: organizational creativity, high quality of products and services offered by the organization, and enhanced effectiveness of operations.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The operations department can use KM to identify these factors and once this has been done, the department is able to make improvements on them and hence increase its productivity. KM plays a very important role in enabling the department to make the best use of organizational knowledge. This kind of knowledge is very beneficial since most of it is laboriously developed over a long duration of time through the trial and error method. Baskerville and Alina (2006) state that most organizations fail to make good use of this knowledge because they lack KM systems and therefore, the organization does not know what it knows. Decision making is one of the most important roles of management in any organization. The quality of decisions made often determines the future success of a business and with this consideration, many organization invest resources in measures to assist in the decision making process. KM plays a very major role in the decision making process of operations departments (King 2009). Normally, knowledge has a more critical function in decision making process than resource and data. KM helps to sort the knowledge and define it as accurate and non-accurate knowledge. The managers are then able to make the best decision since they can identify the contexts where the knowledge works by using KM. Increased productivity is a core goal for all organizations and for this to be achieved; the performance of each employee has to be optimal. KM assists in increasing employee performance since it increases the interaction between co-workers. There is therefore a higher level of kno wledge sharing among employees and this increases the chances of organizational goals being met. Employees are able to keep track of projects in progress and easily obtain the assistance of their peers though KM. As has been noted, the productivity of the operations department depends on the ability of the individuals who make up the departmental team. Therefore, the productivity of the department is dependent on the skills possessed by the employees. When some employees lack proper skills, the total output of the entire department is reduced. KM assists in ensuring that all employees possess the desired level of skills. This is achieved since KM assists in the sharing of knowledge between employees and at the same time the prevention of non-educated employees (Baskerville Alina 2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Knowledge Management in Improving Performance of Operations Departments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an increasingly competitive market, innovation and creativity have become the defining characteristics of successful organizations. Big profitable organizations such as Microsoft and Wal-Mart are continuously looking for new ideas and innovations in order to stay ahead of their competition. Innovation has today become paramount to the growth of a company and in most cases it comes from individuals in the company. This innovation can then be utilized to advance the goals and objectives of an organization. Skinner (2007) asserts that the presence of innovation alone is not good enough; innovations must be disseminated and reach’ target users for uptake and utilization to be possible (p.53). KM assists in the innovation process of the department in a number of ways. To begin with, it increases knowledge sharing among employees which results in the generation of new ideas and innovations by the employees. KM also captures the reasons behind the adoption of disseminated innovation and the practitioners are therefore made aware of new innovations and the relative advantages that they offer. Skinner (2007) reveals that previous experiences as articulated in the KM system will inform users current practices. In addition to this, they will integrate their existing knowledge as they adopt and implement new innovations. Many organizations are faced with the need to improve their organizational performance so that they can acquire greater benefits and better cope with the changes they constantly face. A chief consideration in KM is that the best outcomes can be achieved if the organization is engaged in a continuous learning process. This means that the efficiency and effectiveness of the operations department can only be guaranteed if the members of the department are willing to learn before, during and after activities. Chen and An-Pin (2006) suggests that KM enhances the learning process of the individual through the provision of the ne cessary information. It then focuses on knowledge flows and the process of creation, organization, and retrieval of knowledge. The capability of workers is enhanced since their core competencies are supported by KM. By using staff knowledge, the department is able to improve its processes and therefore operate in the most efficient and effective way. Businesses are constantly seeking ways to decrease their operational costs and therefore increase their profit margins. KM offers a good way of achieving this by helping to get rid of some of the activities that previously cost the organization. Some KM systems automate tasks previously performed manually such as the training of new staff members therefore decreasing the costs associated with such actions (Chen An-Pin 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a company that has a high number of new employees either due to high rate of employee turnover or business growth that necessitates hiring new employees, such a KM assists greatly in keeping training costs manageable. The KM also makes sure that knowledge transfer takes place in a seamless manner and the new employees are able to gain the necessary knowledge to work efficiently in the shortest time possible. Profitable growth strategies can only be achieved by understanding the needs of the customers and responding appropriately to them. Many organizations therefore invest significant resources in an attempt to increase the knowledge of their managers on the key drivers of customer satisfaction. Chen and An-Pin (2006) highlights that when business leaders have an expanded knowledge of the key drivers of customer satisfaction and business process excellence, the can engage in strategies that expand their consumer base and hence increase the companys profitability. The relationship that the organization has with its customer base is also important and organizations seek ways to improve these relations. KM helps to achieve these goals by assisting in the development of customer relationships and therefore increasing shareholder equity. A common reality for most organization is that key staff can leave at any time. The loss of such key personnel is normally accompanied by a loss of knowledge which is of critical use to the organization. Shaw and Baker (2003) states that this knowledge erosion which is caused by people leaving the organization or even changing jobs within it can be damaging to the organization since knowledge plays a crucial role in decision making and running the organization. KM can help deal with this by enabling a department to have a memory that goes beyond the people in it. This knowledge is archived and remains with the specific department even if the key staff is lost. Discussion While many organizations acknowledge the importance of KM, many of them do not know how to go about implementing it. Razi and Abdul-Karim (2010) reveal that contemporary organizations have spent billions of dollars in the implementation of KM and from this, only marginal improvements have been attained with failure rates at the implementation stage ranging up to 70%. The risks of failure during KM implementations are therefore high and if an organization is to reap the benefits of KM, ways of mitigating these risks need to be looked at. Research indicates that there is a relationship between workers and successful KM implementation and as such, organizations need to determine the individual members responsible for KM implementation. These members are responsible for the creation, promotion and identification of knowledge in the organization and their role in KM is crucial. Having a KM system in place is a good move but it is not enough; there also needs to be a metric for measuring the relative success of KM strategies. Chen (2008) suggest s that performance evaluation should be an integral part of the KM plan of any company. Such performance evaluation will help the department to better understand its KM level and offer a basis to improve its KM. Conclusion Knowledge management has emerged as a potent way of increasing the efficiency of an organization. It helps organizations to accomplish their objectives and remain profitable in an increasingly competitive market. This paper set out to discuss the role that knowledge management plays in improving the performance of operations departments in an organization. The paper began by describing what KM is and its relative significance in organizational growth. The paper has demonstrated how a lack of KM can seriously hinder operational departments. It has revealed that for knowledge to be of optimal use, it has to be shared among various parties in the organization. The development of skills and professional qualification in the companys staff can also be assisted by KM. W hile some organizations may have questions as to whether it is worthwhile to invest in KM, this paper has demonstrated that here are numerous benefits that the operations department can get from KM implementation. References Baskerville, R Alina, D 2006, â€Å"The theoretical foundations of knowledge management†, Knowledge Management Research Practice, 4(1): 83–105. Chen, M An-Pin, C 2006, â€Å"Knowledge management performance evaluation: a decade review from 1995 to 2004†, Journal of Information Science, 32 (1): 17–38. King, WR 2009, Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, Springer, Boston. Chen, R 2008, An Evaluation Method for Enterprise Knowledge Management Performance Based on Linguistic Variable, International Seminar on Business and Information Management, Shandong, China Razi, M Abdul-Karim, N 2010, An Instrument to Assess Organizational Readiness to Implement Knowledge Management Process, Proceedings Knowledge Management 5th Intern ational Conference, Georgia. Shaw, D Baker, B 2003, â€Å"Achieving closure through knowledge management strategy. Electronic Journal on Knowledge Management, 1(2): 197-204. Skinner, K 2007, â€Å"Developing a tool to measure knowledge exchange outcomes†, The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 22(1): 49–73.

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon In psycholinguistics, the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is that feeling that a name, word, or phrase- though momentarily unrecallable- is known and will soon be recalled. According to linguist  George Yule, the  tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon  mainly occurs with uncommon words and names. [S]peakers generally have an accurate phonological outline of the word, can get the initial sound correct and mostly know the number of syllables in the word (The Study of Language, 2014). Examples and Observations: Whats the name of that stuff I wanted to tell your mother to use?Wait a second. I know.Its on the tip of my tongue, she said.Wait a second. I know.You know the stuff I mean.The sleep stuff or the indigestion?Its on the tip of my tongue.Wait a second. Wait a second. I know.(Don DeLillo, Underworld. Scribner, 1997)You know, the actor guy! Oh, what is his name? See, the thing is, the thing is, the thing is that when I say his name, youll go, Yes! The actor guy, love him, adore him . . .. But I cant think of his name. Its on the tip of my tongue. You know who I mean. Hes got the hair, the eyes, a bit of a nose, and a mouth, and its all held together with, like, a face! (Frank Woodley, The Adventures of Lano Woodley, 1997)The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (henceforth, TOT) straddles the line between what we think of as memory and what we think of as language, two closely related cognitive domains that have been studied somewhat independently of each other. . . . The implications of whethe r TOT is memory-related or language-related has different implications. Consider the following example. Political pundits used to make fun of former President George H. Bush because of his frequent word-finding failures. Despite his obvious depth of knowledge and expertise, his speech was sometimes characterized by pauses suggesting a failure to recall a known word. His deficit was usually attributed to absent-mindedness, rather than a lack of clear thinking. In other words, it was dismissed as a language-production failure, not a more consequential memory failure. His son, President George W. Bush, suffers from a similar affliction. However, the sons speech errors (e.g., Kosovarians, subliminable) are often interpreted as a lack of knowledge, and therefore, a learning deficit; a more consequential one for a president. (Bennett L. Schwartz, Tip-of-the-Tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Routledge, 2002) The TOT state demonstrates that it is possible to hold the meaning of a word in ones mind without necessarily being able to retrieve its form. This has suggested to commentators that a lexical entry falls into two distinct parts, one relating to form and one to meaning, and that one may be accessed without the other. In assembling speech, we first identify a given word by some kind of abstract meaning code and only later insert its actual phonological form into the utterance we are planning. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2004) Also Known As: TOT Also see: Bathtub EffectMemorySlip of the TongueWhat Are Placeholders in English?