Thursday, October 31, 2019
American Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
American Presidency - Essay Example In general, each man who has held the position, has faced somewhat similar circumstances while holding the job, but have been forced to approach them from an individualistic standpoint that stays true to their respective convictions, while outlining their legacies in the pages of the history books that future generations will come to read. As for the American Presidency, the following are listed under Article II of the US Constitution in regards to the issue of the role of the office of the Presidency and in particular the tools available to its occupant; Chief Diplomat: Under the Constitution, the president has more authority over foreign policy than the other branches of the government (but not sole authority). The president can negotiate treaties (with consent of the Senate), appoint diplomatic personnel, and has sole power to recognize governments. Commander-in-Chief: The Constitution places the president as the head of the armed forces of the United States. One way to look at this is that he is the general of the generals. This is important because it guarantees civilian control over the military (something missing in many countries of the world). One of the last major challenges to the presidency as commanderin-chief came when General douglas McArthur challenged Truman's policies during the Korean War which led to President Truman's firing of McArthur. Chief Legislator: No bill propos... Commander-in-Chief: The Constitution places the president as the head of the armed forces of the United States. One way to look at this is that he is the general of the generals. This is important because it guarantees civilian control over the military (something missing in many countries of the world). One of the last major challenges to the presidency as commanderin-chief came when General douglas McArthur challenged Truman's policies during the Korean War which led to President Truman's firing of McArthur. Chief Legislator: No bill proposed by the congress can become a law without the president's signature. Thus the president is also involved in the process of legislation. But the Constitution mandates that the president "from time to time" inform the congress on the state of the union (the U.S.). By tradition, this has become a yearly event known as the State of the Union Address. Through this address the president helps to set legislative priorities for the coming year. ("The Presidency", p.1). Different President's come into office at different times during the course of their nation's history. Contrary circumstances that can lead different men in vastly different directions and lead them to having distinct Presidencies in their own right. In regards to what would enable a President to succeed, as well as what could make then fail, "Two hundred years of our country's history suggest that five qualities have been constants in the men who have most effectively fulfilled the oath of office. First, every successful president has had vision, insight, or understanding: a clear idea of
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Profile of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital Essay Example for Free
Profile of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital Essay Hospital Name: New York-Presbyterian Hospital Address: 525 E 68th St Fl 11, New York, NY 10021-4870, United States Contact Number: (212) 434-5500 Website: http://www.nyp.org Vission: â€Å"To sustain its leadership position in the provision of world class patient care, t           eaching, research, and service to local, state, national, and international  communities.†(2006, p.2) Mission: â€Å"As a not-for-profit academic medical center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is committed to its unique and complex mission of providing the highest quality patient care, teaching, research, and community service.†(2006, p.2) Director: Dr. Philip Wilner Ownership: New York Presbyterian Hospital Dimension: 12-storey building, total beds summed up to 2,335 774 beds equipped with full-               service hospital (the Greenburg Pavilion), connected to the existing facility.                    There is an 8-storey parking lot that is 527,000 in square feet. Main Facilities: The Allen Pavilion, Morgan Stanley Childrens Hospital of NewYork-                          Presbyterian, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical                 Center            New York-Presbyterian Hospital/ Weill Cornell Medical Center NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Westchester Division Centers for Excellence: Cancer, Digestive Diseases, Geriatrics, Heart, Orthopedics,                             Neuroscience, Pedriatrics, Psychiatry, Rehabilitation Medicine, Tranplants,                     Womens Health Types of Services Provided: Medical Services, Surgical Services, Ambulatory Care                              Services, Emergency Care, Specialized                                                                                  Services, International and Corporate Health, Elderly Care. Awards and Recognitions Received: New York Magazines Best Hospitals 2006, U.S.News               World Reports Honor Roll of Americas Best Hospitals (since 1997),                             Americas Top Doctors, New York Magazines 2007 Best Doctors,                                American Alliance of Healthcare Providers Hospital of Choice                                               Awards, eHealthcare Leadership Award, Greystone Web  Awards.                                (All were the awards           mentioned in the website as of January 30, 2008). Population Served: (As of April 10, 2007)                        Outpatient Visits: 828,136                Ambulatory Surgeries 47,594                        Emergency Visits: 202,154               Inpatient Days: 729,088                        Deliveries: 10,242 Number of Workers: (As of April 10, 2007)                        Employees: 15,078                           Physicians: 5,588 Affiliations: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Weill Medical                           College of Cornell University. Payer Sources: Blue Cross, Charity Care/Financial Aid, Medicare, Medicaid, Self Payment,                  Workers Compensation. References: (n.d.). New York-Presbyterian: The University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell.Retrieved       January 30, 2008 from http://www.nyp.org/about/facts-statistics-2006.html. New York-Presbyterian: The University Hospital of Columbia and Cornell. Awards and Recognition. Retrieved January 29, 2008 from http://www.nyp.org/about/awards- recognition.html. (2005). New York Presbyterian Hospital 2005 Community Service Plan Annual   Implementation Report. Retrieved January 30, 2008 from            http://search.med.cornell.edu/search?q=mission-vision%20of%20newyork-           presbyterianspell=1access=poutput=xml_no_dtdie=UTF-8client            =Nyp_Subsite=NYP_Suboe=UTF-8proxystylesheet=NYP (n.d.). New York Presbyterian Hospital. Retrieved January 29, 2008 from            http://www.bovislendlease.com/llweb/bll/main.nsf/all/fp_newyork_hospital_america. Dun Bradstreet. (2007). The New York and Presbyterian Hospital. Retrieved January 29,      2008 from http://www.manta.com/comsite5/bin/pddnb_company.pl?  dlanding=1referid=3550id=06qjjk.
Sunday, October 27, 2019
A Marketing Research Project on Pepsi
A Marketing Research Project on Pepsi Pepsi Cola was first made in the 1893 by pharmacist Caleb Bradham in New Bern, North Carolina. Initially Pepsi was introduced as Brads Drink by Bradham in 1898 and was made at Brahams pharmacy where the drink was also sold. Later, Bradham changed its named to Pepsi Cola, due to the enzyme pepsin and kola nuts used in the recipe. In 1903 Pepsi-Cola was officially registered with the U.S. Patent Office. Today Pepsi Cola is manufactured by PepsiCo. PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods and beverages. Currently PepsiCo is the number 2 manufacturer in soft drinks behind Coca Cola, number one in snacks and number one in juices. PepsiCo has revenues of $40 billion a year with beverages contributing to less than 50% of that revenue. Market Segmentation Early in its history, Pepsi understood market segmentation and the importance of having consumers to advertise to that arent locked into a specific product yet. Pepsi realized in the 1940s that African Americans were an untapped niche market. At the time Pepsi was able to gain market share by targeting and advertising towards African Americans which they have continued to do. Today Pepsi markets its product to younger people. The idea behind marketing towards younger people is to lock them into their product throughout their life. Pepsi realizes that their beverages will continued to be bought by customers as they get older so they are trying to build a strong customer base by marketing to 14-30 year old males and females. Pepsi markets to all social backgrounds of all educational and occupational backgrounds. Pepsi customers are loyal to their products as they can easily switch to an alternative beverage and these customers are both aware and interested in the products Pepsi has to offer. Market Size/Characteristics The market size of the soft drink industry has been changing. It decreased in early 2000s, and is now increasing into the 2010s. The market has shown an increase in both sports and energy drinks. Currently, the total market value of soft drinks in the United States is $60 billion. As of 2009, Pepsi-Cola had sales of $18 billion trailing only behind Coca Cola in the United States. Soft drink consumption has a market share of 46.8% within the non-alcoholic drink industry in the United States where the total market value of soft drinks over $307.2 billion globally. Market Share Data from Beverage Digests 2008 report on Carbonated Soft Drinks has shown that PepsiCos U.S. market share is 31 percent while rival Coca-Cola Companys is nearly 45 percent percent. Overall, Coca-Cola outsells Pepsi in almost all areas of the world, few exceptions. Below is a graphical representation of United States soft drink market share from 2008. pepsico.com Brand Product Attributes From the Pepsi Cola website they explain how with all of the different Pepsi products available that there is something for everyone. Pepsis brands are very popular not only in the United States, but all over the world and are enjoyed by everyone. The product Pepsi offers from its colas are sweet, delicious, less carbonated than its rival Coca Colas. Pepsis Mountain Dew product is even less carbonated than its Colas and is of very sweet tasting, marketed towards the younger populations. The Gatorade products Pepsi manufacturers are global leaders in sports drinks and provide a delicious tasting beverage with a lot of electrolytes for athletes losing fluids in a hard workout or a competition. The teas and waters manufactured by Pepsi are refreshing and a tasty alternative to the carbonated beverages. Product Mix The product mix of Pepsi is one which is very wide and very deep. The width of Pepsi products come from all of the different types of products Pepsi sells which include carbonated soft drinks, waters, energy drinks, teas, juices, ready to drink coffees, and sports drinks. The depth of Pepsi Cola comes from the numerous Pepsi brands in each type of product. Pepsi has big brands in each product category. Some of the large brands in each category include: Carbonated Soft Drinks Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Sierra Mist Waters Aquafina, Sobe Energy Drinks Amp, No Fear Teas Lipton Brisk, Iced Tea Juice Drinks Dole, Ocean Spray Dairy-Based Drinks Sobe Ready to Drink Coffees Starbucks Sports Drinks Gatorade, G2 Pepsi-Cola is leading selling beverage for Pepsi in North America and the world. Mountain Dew contributes greatly to Pepsis sales and has a large presence in the North American soft drink market. Below is a graphical representation of the Pepsi-Cola North American Product Mix. pepsico.com Product Strategy The strategy of Pepsi can be taken right from a quote off of the Pepsi website which reads: Pepsi is constantly on the lookout for ways to ensure their consumers get the products they want, when they want them and where they want them. From this quote one can easily recognize that it is important to Pepsi to produce good tasting products that are distributed all over and easy to purchase. Pepsi and its products can be seen everywhere and this is important to them as they have so many different products. Pepsi has products that are alternatives for each other and this allows them to have such a great presence in the soft drink market and have large percentages in the market share. Product Life Cycle Product life cycle is the stages a product goes through from its introduction, to growth, its maturity, and then its decline. The Pepsi Company, although it has a lot of mature product in its colas and other soft drinks, it still has some growth. A lot of the growth of Pepsi is due to the newly popular energy drinks which it produces and the sports drinks. The new products Pepsi is producing each year give me reason to believe it is not quite at maturity, but is at the top of the grown stage in its product life cycle. This diagram helps illustrate where Pepsi currently is in its life cycle. Product Development and Innovation The Pepsi Company website writes, The Pepsi Company continues to innovate, creating new products, new flavors and new packages in varying shapes and sizes to meet the growing demand for convenience and healthier choices. The way Pepsi develops products and innovates is by offering new different tasting beverages. Pepsi has come out with numerous different soft drinks, and has added many other products to their product mix. Other types of beverages including energy drinks, juices, and sports drinks are ways in which Pepsi has been innovative and the different flavors it comes out with ever years shows the development of Pepsi. Pepsis latest innovation is adding three new products which are considered to be a throwback to the 1960s and 1970s. Pepsi Natural, Pepsi Throwback, and Mountain Dew Throwback will all be sold with these older logos and are all sweetened with natural sugar. These recipes date back to the 1960s and 197s and will be able to be purchased this month. Pricing The United States carbonated soft drink market is a mature market where the industry sales growth is largely driven by population growth and advertising. Product innovation is also taking place in the industry and is an important aspect of pricing in the market. Since there is a mature nature of the market both Pepsi and Coca Cola have resorted to price discrimination strategies to maximize the value of consumer demand. Price discrimination means that there will be different prices for the product in the different regions it is being sold. Pepsi, Coke or other soft drinks have similar prices and the price will vary slightly from place to place and depending on which packaging it is sold in. Distribution On February 26, 2010 the Pepsi Beverages Company (PBC) was formed when PepsiCo bought both of its largest distributors in the world. The Pepsi Beverages Company is made up of the Pepsi Bottling Group which worlds largest bottler of Pepsi-Cola beverages. The Pepsi Bottling Groups sales of Pepsi-Cola beverages accounted for more than one-half of the Pepsi-Cola beverages sold in North America. Pepsi Beverages Company is also made up of the former PepsiAmericas Company which was worlds second-largest bottler of Pepsi-Cola beverages and had19 bottling plants in the United States and had a presence in 16 other countries. PepsiCo and Pepsi-Cola now has much control over its bottling companies and the distribution of Pepsi Cola products. Pepsi products are distributed to stores all over, from small grocery marts to larger bulk warehouse stores, and through fountain drinks. Packaging In the United States Pepsi products are sold in plastic bottles and cans as well as dispensed through a fountain. The cans are packaged in 6 packs, 12 packs and cases of 24, 36 and 360. Pepsi also has bottles come in 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 liters. Energy drinks first sold in eight-ounce cans in the United States, but now are sold in similarly sized cans to the other soft drinks. The Pepsi packaging has been simple, containing a blue color, differing itself from the Coca Cola red. Pepsis packaging has not changed much until its new look in 2009 which it changed its logo and packaging in an attempt to distinguish itself and promote itself from the other colas as a cultural leader. Advertising Strategy Recently, cutting back on television Shifting to social media Website, Twitter, Facebook 2010: First time in 23 years without Superbowl Ad Younger generation Pop stars Movie stars Promotion Pepsi Challenge: Pepsi vs. Coke Pepsi Stuff: merchandise purchased with Pepsi Points Pepsi Refresh Project Pepsi brand is dedicating $20 million dollars a year Donations to local organizations Causes proposed by the public in health, arts and culture, the environment and education Media partners for the project include: AOL, Face book, Hulu and MTV Competitive Products Coca-Cola and Pepsi are the two most popular and widely recognized beverage brands in the world Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola Classic are the predominant carbonated cola beverages Coca-Cola is the original Pepsi tastes sweeter than Coca-Cola Coca-Cola has more carbonation than Pepsi depending on what region you are in Said that depending on where each one was made the amount of carbonation in them will be different, proving that neither Coca-Cola nor Pepsi have more carbonation than one another Both drinks are no longer seen as a beverage but mainly as a brand Both companies commit to sponsoring festivals and charitable projects in third world countries Marketing Approach Both Coca-Cola and Pepsi market as part of a life-style Pepsi tries to reach out to the younger generation by appealing to pop culture Pepsis Website: flashy pages containing social media links Coca-Colas website: less flashy and uses a classical appeal, promoting history of beverage
Friday, October 25, 2019
The Awakening Essay -- essays research papers
Books, unlike movies, have been around since the beginning of time. For the most part, they are more meaningful than the movies that are made from these books. This is due to the fact that an author is able to convey his/her message clearer and include things in the book that cannot be exhibited in a movie. For this reason, the reader of the book is much more effected than the viewer of the film. In the novella, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, there is much more evidence of symbolism as well as deeper meaning than in the movie version of the book, Grand Isle. Chopin conveys her symbolic messages through the main character’s newly acquired ability to swim, through the birds, through sleep, and through images of the moon. 	Edna Pontellier, the main character of the novel, struggles all summer at Grand Isle to learn to swim. She has been assisted by many people but was always too afraid to swim on her own. One Saturday night, after attending an evening in the hall, Edna swims out for the first time by herself into the inviting ocean. Realizing how easy it is and due to her "excited fancy," (Chopin, 30) she accidentally swims out very far. At that moment, "a quick vision of death smote her soul, and for a second of time appalled and enfeebled her senses." (Chopin, 30) For the first time she comes face to face with death. Those are the events described by the book. The movie, on the other hand, only shows Edna swimming out, struggling a little, and returning to shore. In addition, the movie doesn’t mention the strength and joy Edna feels after this experience. She states that she "never was so exhausted in [her] life. But it isn’t unpleasant†¦it is like a night in a dream." (Chopin, 31) 	At the end of this story, Edna kills herself by swimming out into the ocean. The movie shows just that, omitting two very significant symbols which are present in the novella. The first of these two symbols is the injured bird that’s "beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water." (Chopin, 124) This bird symbolizes Edna’s struggle to become the master her own life as well as her failure to achieve this goal. The other symbol is "the old terror [that] flamed up for an instant, then sank again." (Chopin 124) This is the same terror she feels when she swims out for the first t... .... Chopin relates Edna to the Sleeping Beauty who has awoken to a new world with a new perception of her surroundings. 	Symbols of the moon are another aspect that’s ignored in the movie. During Edna’s first solo swim, the author describes how the moon gave her the power and bravery to keep going; it "conveyed to her excited fancy." (Chopin, 30) After the swim when Edna is talking to Robert, "strips of moonlight," (Chopin, 32) are visible all around them. They symbolize the untamed feelings Edna has for Robert, her first true love in life. The moonlight makes her feel "the first throbbings of desire." (Chopin, 32) 	Books, more often than not, are better than the movies that are made from them. This is due to the immense power of our imaginations. Readers use their imaginations to fill the space that exists between him/herself and the book with such things as dreams, past experiences, and hopes. For this reason, there is much more depth and symbolic depictions in the novella, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, compared with the movie version, Grand Isle. Due to this, the effect on the reader is much more potent than the effect on the viewer.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Counterterrorism and home grown terrorist
The problem posed by terrorism has received serious attention not only in this country but also in the international community. It poses a real menace and challenge to the nation peace and security, harming the life, dignity and safety of the innocent people. This also weakens the economy and put dangers in all aspect of the states activity. The September 11 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington D. C. killed citizens from 83 countries and (according to the United Nations estimates) cost the global economy at least 350 billion dollars.Terrorism is proving to be the dark side of globalization, and because of it, new challenges to the country have emerged. In order to deal with such a complex phenomenon, it is essential to shape a comprehensive and nuanced strategy. The nation should take serious position against terrorism no matter when, where and what forms it occurs, or whom it is targeted. All agencies of the government, local or national, including every individual should st ep up their cooperation in preventing and combating terrorism. How serious a threat is homegrown terrorism in the United States?Experts say it is quite likely that the next terrorist attack will not be the work of well-trained al-Qaeda operatives sent from abroad, but rather that of an American citizen. As al-Qaeda leaders focus more of their energy on trying to inspire others to commit acts of terror, most security and counterterrorism officials believe their message will resonate with at least some small number of Americans. Such fears tend to focus on American Muslims, and experts say this is logical given recent events in Europe.Yet the American Islamic community also has proven one of the government’s best resources for preventing the emergence of homegrown Islamic terrorists. Richard A. Falkenrath, New York City’s deputy police commissioner for counterterrorism, recently told the Senate Homeland Security Committee that the possibility of a ‘homegrownâ€℠¢ terrorist attack against New York City or any other American city is real and is worsening; it is hard to anticipate the motives or actions of a homegrown terrorist.Yet despite the high probability of a homegrown terrorist attack, experts say such an event is likely to have a relatively small impact when compared to attacks by conventional terrorist networks but it should be cautioned that self-radicalized individuals and groups can become far more dangerous when they reach out for support from more established terrorist networks. BODY: I. Combating Terrorism: To combat the terrorism, expert stresses the need to grasp two aspects of terrorism: Its root causes and its technological Complexity.The root causes of terrorism, both domestic and international, are varied and complex. One set of factor is essentially ideological and includes religious and ethno nationalistic extremism. Second is the technological complexity, the new terrorist are distinguished by their general ability to use new information and communication technologies. They are also fully able to exploit technology to enhance their illegal transnational activities (Banlaoi, 2004). II. Three factors that must be considered in dealing with terrorism:First, it must involve the gradual and painstaking winning of the hearts and mind of disaffected peoples, great patience and endurance is required. Second, the political nature of the campaign against terror suggests that such a comprehensive strategy cannot be pursued without full cognizance of the potential negative consequences of any action contemplated. Thirdly, a comprehensive strategy must be implemented within a substantive multilateral framework, and ensure the fullest regional participation.There should be four key of such a strategy, socio economic, coercive, political and technical. Socioeconomic measures, poverty and extreme socioeconomic marginalization are root causes of terrorism. These may be the result of either deficient domestic poli cies or powerful globalization processes. Hence developed countries should increase trade, investment and aid linkages with developing countries to enhance their capacities for good governance.Coercive Measures, Strong legal enforcement measures such as freezing of assets and detentions of individuals suspected of complicity in terrorist plots, are the first line attack in the campaign against terror. Political Measures, terrorist by definition fight for a political cause, perceived as ‘just’ or otherwise. Terrorist groups also often feed upon political issues for support/ such as grievances and opposition to illegal and armed occupation, oppression, and abuse and denial of civil and political rights.Technical Measures, It is vitally important that the capacity of the terrorist to plan, fund and implement their activities must be targeted (Banlaoi, 2004). III. The country’s practical measures against terrorist are the following: (1) Identification of terrorist,(2 ) Location and tracking identified terrorists, (3). apprehension of identified terrorist, (4). Prosecution of the identified terrorist and (5), Punishment of the guilty terrorist (Marchetti,1976) IV. Anti terrorism program: A. There are four (4) basic program components associated with the anti terrorist program.The prevention which focuses on international initiative and diplomacy to discourage foreign states from supporting terrorism second is deterrence which emphasizes protection and security and efforts-essentially target hardening-to discourage terrorist acts, thirdly, the reaction, this consist of operations in response to specific major acts of terrorism and lastly is prediction, this includes intelligence and counterintelligence efforts in continues support of the three other program components B. The specific anti-terrorist measures developed and used in fighting terrorismIncludes close international screening of all airlines and passengers for metallic objects, tighter se curity of diplomatic installations, compilation of watch list terrorist, adoption of measures to sow dissention within terrorist group thru black and gray covert operations. V. Ways to fight Terrorism: A. There follows a general measures in fighting terrorism, this are protection of terrorist targets. The terrorist commonly attack strong points such as airports, communications and national offices.Another is the need to expand intelligence gathering in order to initiate particular course of action and forestall the plan of the enemy. The community must also be train for trouble; this will be possible by preparing them to any unusual occurrence like terrorist attacks. The country should improve international cooperation and negotiate flexibly. Others are don’t rule rescues, lean on terrorist allies, order selective reprisals, crack down on unsafe airports and tighten airport and seaport security. B.Psychological operations (PSYOPS) approaches in countering terrorist threats. 1 . Widespread educational program directed at audience in the affected areas will expose threat to stability and the quality of life by those threat groups 2. High visibility amnesty and â€Å"secret witness†programs could directly attack the organizational integrity and solidarity of those threat groups. 3. Target the rivalries and jealousy existing in those threat groups. 4. Develop constructive relationship among the various disputants to enhance high level diplomatic talks. C.To develop terrorism counteraction plans and programs, it is necessary to conduct threat studies, to provide an understanding of the capabilities and intentions of terrorist groups, Vulnerability surveys, to reveal the weakness that terrorist can attack and Analysis of all the effects of terrorism. D. PSYOPS doctrine prescribes the use off â€Å"Propaganda Analysis†to determine the effects of activities, programs or campaigns. The basic approaches in this procedure are analysis of Source, Con tents, Audience, Media, and Effects (SCAME). Propaganda is the primary vehicle of psychological warfare.It includes any activity that affects emotion, attitude and behavior of a target audience (Marchetti, 1976) HOME GROWN TERRORISM: Scott Redd, director of the National Counterterrorism Center, said in a written statement to the Senate that the emergence of home-grown terrorist groups is posing â€Å"real challenges†for U. S. authorities despite law enforcement successes at disrupting potential attacks. Most security and counterterrorism officials believed that the next terrorist attack will not be the work of well-trained al-Qaeda operatives sent from abroad, but rather that of an American citizen.The White House’s National Strategy for Combating Terrorism says the main terrorist threat today comes from those who â€Å"exploit Islam and use terrorism for ideological ends. †Experts say individuals who are likely to adopt a terrorist ideology share several qual ities: youth, unemployment, feelings of alienation, a longing to feel self-importance, and a need to be part of a group. Religion can be compelling to such individuals, who are then prone to exploitation by deceitful religious leaders. R. P.Eddy, senior fellow for counterterrorism at the Manhattan Institute, says, â€Å"If you think of any ethnic community in this country†¦there are people of all stripes. †However, he suggests counterterrorism efforts should pay close attention to Muslim communities in the United on lessons from the attacks in Madrid in 2003 and London in 2004, which originated in Muslim communities. The White House’s National Strategy for Combating Terrorism says that the main terrorist threat today comes from those who â€Å"exploit Islam and use terrorism for ideological ends.†Experts say individuals who are likely to adopt a terrorist ideology share several qualities: youth, unemployment, feelings of alienation, a longing to feel self -importance, and a need to be part of a group. Religion can be compelling to such individuals, who are then prone to exploitation by deceitful religious leaders. The relationship between American Muslims and homegrown terrorism. Though many of the homegrown terrorists identified in the United State especially since the 9/11 attacks have been Muslims, it is important to note that religious motivations are not present in all instances.It is suggested that counterterrorism efforts should pay close attention to Muslim communities in the United States, where al-Qaeda’s message of radical Islam is more likely to resonate. How have Muslim communities in the United States responded to the growing concern over homegrown terrorists? By and large, American Muslims express great concern over the prospect of homegrown terrorists in their midst. To this end, members of Islamic communities have worked to establish good relationships with U. S. officials, particularly on the local level.Huss ein Ibish, executive director of the Hala Salaam Maksoud Foundation for Arab-American Leadership, says in terms of counterterrorism efforts, â€Å"Most of the major successes the government claims within the United States have actually involved cooperation with the local Muslim communities. How have U. S. officials reacted to the prospect of homegrown terrorists? Experts judge government responses as mixed. Generally speaking, the local approach proves most effective. Eddy says local police are the best tool the government has for preventing homegrown terrorists.Good community policingâ€â€establishing relationships and keeping abreast of trends in a neighborhood â€Å"based on common interests other than terrorism†â€â€underpins any effort to detect a homegrown plot. Eddy views officers as â€Å"first preventers and not just as first responders,†but it remains incumbent on political leaders to support them as such Home-grown cells were a new domestic phenomeno n for which the FBI and law enforcement agencies had no â€Å"baseline†for measuring the scale of the problem CONCLUSION: Terrorism is a crime committed by a handful of extremist elements and should not be ad equated with any specific ethnic group or religion.Under no circumstances should double standards in applying this principle be allowed. To fight terrorism effectively requires efforts to address its ideological, socioeconomic and political root causes. This should involve strategies aimed at currently solving both current problems and identifying permanent solutions in the long run. An important prerequisite in this connection is to resolve the question of development and narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. The so called war on terror is not just a war that can be won by sole reliance on military and coercive measures.Recommendation: The country should review and strengthen national mechanism to combat terrorism. Efforts in suppressing sources of funds must b e doubled. The country needs to continuously deepen seeking cooperation from allies’ country in enforcing anti-terrorist program and practices. Develop regional capacity building programmed to enhance existing capabilities to detect, monitor and report terrorist acts and plans. Strengthen cooperation at the bilateral, regional and international levels in combating terrorism in a comprehensive manner and affirm that at the international level.Convene a high level of ad-hoc experts group as the lead to anti terrorism that will continue to focus on the preventions and control of terrorism. To better deter and prevent potential acts of terrorism at home, the state should enact law that will restrict the movement of those who pose a terrorist threat to the community to include organizations which advocate terrorism. Holds accountable all public and private organizations abetting terrorism; Calls for greater vigilance and concrete measures against all possible terrorist supplies, m aterials and finances.The country should designate Cabinet Oversight Committee on Internal Security as the lead to anti terrorism. Americans had to accustom to new security measures that complicated their travel, work, and recreation. United States agencies rearranged their priorities, and local governments scrambled to make preparations for potential terrorist attacks, possibly involving biological, chemical, or even nuclear weapons. References Banlaoi, 2004, War on Terrorism, Rex Bookstore Inc. , Recto Avenue Desker, B. , and Kumar R. ,( 2002) Forging an Indirect Strategy in Southeast Asia.†The washington Quarterly, Volume 25, No. 2 Dulles, A. , (1972) The Craft of Intelligence, New York, wermer paperback, Marchetti, V. (1976), The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, New York, Pell Agam, H. ,(2001) â€Å"Measure to Eliminate International Terrorism†New York, Paper Back. Ganor, B. (2003)Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Figh ter†, http://terror. host. net. kg Homer, D. (2003) The Rise of Complex Terrorism, http//www. Foreignpolicy. com http://counterterrorism. org/mt/pings. cgi/3655 .
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Tattoos from tribal to fashion Research Paper Example
Tattoos from tribal to fashion Research Paper Example Tattoos from tribal to fashion Paper Tattoos from tribal to fashion Paper Because ornate clothing was only allowed to be worn by royalty, the middle class adorned themselves with ornate body tattoos instead. It was in 1691 that tattooing remerged in Western Europe in civilized society. Sailor and explorer William Dampier brought to London the heavily tattooed Polynesian Prince Giolo, known as the Painted Prince. He was placed on exhibition and caused great amazement. This was a certain money maker for William Dampier, as there had been an absence of tattoos in the West for six centuries. However, it would be another one hundred years before tattooing would really make its mark on the West. In the late 1700s the famous explorer Captain Cook made several trips to the South Pacific. London society revelled in his stories and embraced both the art and artefacts he brought back to the West. On his return from his second trip, Cook brought back one artefact, which would yet again make a sensation in London, a heavily tattooed Polynesian male called Omani. Soon after, members of the higher society were demanding and getting smaller discreetly placed tattoos of their own. The great Omani was seen as a noble savage, and though his tour was clearly a more refined version , he was regarded a sideshow exhibit . Already the tattoo was starting to become a Fad or fashion accessories. In early America tattooing was still in the elitist stage and although we see the tattoo most often displayed by the native Americans, it is well known that tattooing was also practiced by royalty, with many of the elites of European moving to America in search of fortunes. It often amazes people when they hear that people such as, King George V, King Oscar of Sweden, Sir Winston Churchills mother, Grand Duke Alexis of Russia and even King Harold were tattooed. While this portion of society is small their influences have prevailed in establishing mainstream ideology. Tattoo, was at one time, a very expensive and unavailable form of art to mainstream society, which reinforced the attraction to those who regarded themselves amongst the elite. In 1891 the art form was once again transformed with the invention of the first electric tattooing machine by Samuel ORiley. His invention made tattooing readily available and reasonably priced for everyone, which meant that the average person could now get a tattoo. Because of this the elitist turned away from this art form and tattooing became a fashion accessory of the masses. This transformation from elitist art to common art, lead tattooing to be associated with the lower classes of society. The troubled people or those who travelled with the circus often displayed tattoos and were associated extravagant facial designs, full body suits and sometimes freakish patterns, which transformed the meaning of this art once again. By the turn of the 20th century the cultural view of tattooing had changed, it was now seen more as a sleazier art form for the poorer classes of society and gradually went underground. Few tattooists were accepted into street society and no longer where they regarded as artists. Once again, opinions changed about tattooing and gradually it became more acceptable, especially during the second world war when the tattoo became part of the signature of the military personal. The pledge to stay with your outfit couldnt be displayed better than a piece of art work that would never fade. This type of fraternity between sailors and other military personal grew in popularity. Today this type of pledge tattoo can be seen among college students who pledge loyalty to their fraternities, or street gang members showing their loyalty to the gang. Many pledge tattoos are common among many different types of crowds. However, the booming impact became apparent throughout the 1940s and 1950s when once again tattooing came back to mainstream society. Many men displayed them proudly, later telling their children about the wars they had fought and the friends they had lost, all based upon a single tattoo marking a dramatic time in their lives. Time marking types of tattoo are now common, if you ask someone today why they have a certain tattoo, you may hear a story of how that tattoo marked a certain time frame in their personal life. The most common tattoo displayed by military personal is that of lady luck, their unit, military division, and the American eagle . Tattoo shops were generally located near barracks and docks so they could tattoo the incoming military personal. The tattoo shops soon discovered these locations also brought them closure to the criminal element of society and soon many of the tattooed were criminals. After the second world war the tattoo was once again seen as the mark of the deviants within society. Rebellious boys and girls resorted to the tattoo, based on the notion that to have a tattoo was to outside mainstream society. This marked them in a way that displayed their ideology of not wanting to take part in mainstream social order. Soon the military personal that fought for his or her country, who previously displayed with pride their tattoos, began to cover them with shame. Tattooing once again fell from grace. The movement throughout society to regard tattoo as something deviant, and/or savage, was mainly because of mainstream ideology. The culture surrounding the art form had never felt that tattoos were a deviant practice, even though many tattooists often spoke of physically fighting with customers. However the art world did go through transformations and the people related to the art were soon associated with deviants. The best known groups of the time being bikers, who received tattoos to pledge their fraternities within their particular group. Most often displaying their colours or slogans of the group, these bikers fought amongst themselves and caused mayhem where ever they went, often ending up jail, once again giving the impression that tattooing followed the deviant. Through the transformation from elitist to freak, and now to deviant/savage, the art of tattooing signified who not to be associated with. Such association with the tattoo, would once again alienate the wearer from society. As if the name of tattoo wasnt already mud in society, in 1961 there was an out break of hepatitis and tattooing was sent reeling on its heels. Though most tattoo shops had sterilization machines, few actually used them. Newspapers reported stories of blood poisoning, hepatitis and other diseases. The general population held tattoo parlours in disrepute, and even todays tattoo parlours are still suffering the consequences of the past reputation. A health code violation went into effect therefore leading to many tattoo parlours shutting down. The hippies of the 60s created many new aspects of how tattooing was viewed and valued by the mainstream society. However, towards the end of the 1960s attitudes towards tattooing changed, much of the credit goes to Lyle Tuttle. He was a charming, interesting man who knew how to use the media to own advantage. His clientele included celebrities and in particular beautiful women and was approached by magazines and television seeking out information about this ancient art form. The transformation of the art had never been so swift. The growth of acceptance has grown more over the last 10 years than any other time in history. We have seen this by the advertisers use of tattoos, to the MTV crowd of the 80s, treading their way into the business offices of the world. All classes of people seek the best tattoo artists. This rise in popularity has placed tattooists in the category of fine artists. The tattooist has garnered a respect not seen for over 100 years. Today the artwork varies between the older designs, to work done by loved ones, to even abstract pieces. The artwork has been shown in galleries around the world and the prices for them have skyrocketed. Many people today have even committed to neck and arm tattoo, although social acceptance hasnt transformed to this extent, it is believed that it soon will. If you take a look inside of your local tattoo studio you will see the difference of what it was yesterday, and what is today. Many of the transformations of the art of tattoo have been based around social values, social change and those in power defining mainstream values. This has led tattoo down many roads and we will just have to wait to see where the next bend will be. From my findings I have been able to come to the conclusion that tattoos have indeed moved from being a tribal art form too a more socially accepted admired fashionable art form. This has happened in a totally natural form of evolution. Through the many centuries of tattoo history, it has been the change into a multi cultural world along with a change with our general cultural views that has helped change the art form. As our ancestors began to accept the art form they also changed its meanings. Although sometimes still showing the station in life of the wearer, the tattoo was very much just another fashion. This was the distinction up to the 1890s but when tattoos became readily available this saw the biggest change occur, now everyone could get a tattoo, it wasnt about station in life anymore but fashion, this is still the case today people of all walks of life from dustbin men to doctors, men and women alike get tattoos, now making it an accepted art form in its own right. Art that can be found displayed in galleries, museums and magazines. Although I feel that the tattoo has lost its original meanings, I do acknowledge the fact that in some cases the tattoo could be viewed still as tribal, what I mean by this is there are still groups in the world such as the Hells Angles and other gangs who have tattoos of a tribal nature and in fact you could argue that everyone that has a tattoo is a member of the tattoo tribe. Bibliography Steven G. Gilbert. Tattoo History Source Book Amy Krakow. Total Tattoo Book Clinton R. Sanders. Customizing the Body: The Art and Culture of Tattooing Thanks to.
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